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ENDOCRINE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS • SMALL OVAL GLAND • NESTLED IN SELLA TURCICA • CONNECTED TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS BY THE INFUNDIBULUM • DIAPHRAGM SELLA – DURAL SHEATH THAT ENCIRCLES INFUNDIBULM • LOCKS IN PLACE • ISOLATES PITUITARY FROM BRAIN – ALLOWS RELEASE OF HORMONES WHILE STILL MAINTAINING BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER INFUNDIBULUM • NERVE FIBERS TRAVELING FROM HYPOTHALAMUS TO THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS • 0.5 GRAMS • LESS THAN 15MM ENTER CAPILLARIES • REGULATORY HORMONES ENTER CAPILLARY BED • FENSTRATED ENDOTHELIUM • ALLOW LARGE MOLECULES TO ENTER • HYPOPHYSEAL ARTERY FEEDS HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM • UNITE TO FORM LARGER VESSELS • SPIRAL AROUND INFUNDIBULUM • AS ENTERS ADENOHYPOPHYSIS FORMS A SECOND CAPILLARY SYSTEM • BRANCHES SURROUND ENDOCRINE CELLS NEUROHYPOPHYSIS VS ADENOHYPOPHYIS • POSTERIOR VS ANTERIOR PITUITARY • PRODUCES 9 HORMONES TOTAL – 2 FROM POSTERIOR – 7 FROM ANTERIOR • ALL BIND TO MEMBRANE RECEPTORS • ALL ACTIVATE c AMP DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY • NEUROHYPOPHYSIS-DOWNGROWTH OF DIENCEPHALON • ADENOHYPOPHYSIS--ROOF OF MOUTH FORMS RHATHKE’S POUCH PARS DISTALIS ON LEFT/PARS NERVOSA ON RIGHT ADENOHYPOPHYSIS ON RIGHT NEUROHYPOPHYSIS ON LEFT THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS • PARS NERVOSA • CONTAINS AXONS OF HYPOTHALMIC NEURONS • SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEI -- ADH • PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI-OXYTOCIN • AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT – MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS BETWEEN SOMA AND SYNAPTIC TERMINALS – ANTEGRADE FLOW – RELEASED TO BASMENT MEMBANES OF CAPILLARIES NEUROHYPOPHYSIS • TANGLES OF UNMYELINATED NERVE FIBERS • SECRETE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE AND OXYTOCIN • PRODUCED IN HYPOTHALAMUS AND RELEASED IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY • HERRING BODIES ARE ACCUMULATIONS OF NEUROSECRETORY GRANULES HERRING BODIES ARE DIAGNOSTIC FOR THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS HERRING BODIES ARE THE DILATED ENDINGS OF HYPOTHALMIC NEURONS PITUICYTES SUPPORT NEURONS IN NEUROHYPOPHYSIS THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS • PARS DISTALIS • PARS TUBERALIS • PARS INTERMEDIUS – PROMINENT IN ANIMALS – PRESENT IN THE HUMAN FETUS AND HUMAN CHILDREN – ABSENT IN ADULT HUMANS HISTOLOGY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS CLASSIFICATION BY STAINING CHARACTERISTICS • CHROMOPHOBES • ACIDOPHILS • BASOPHILS CLASSIFICATION BY SECRETION • SOMATOTROPES--GH • ADRENOCORTICOLIPOTROPES/ CORTICOTROPES--ACTH & MSH • THYROTROPES--TSH • LACTOTROPES/MAMMOTROPES--PRL • GONADOTROPES--LH & FSH ADRENOCORTICOLIPOTROPES • PRODUCE ACTH AND LIPOTROPIC HORMONE ADRENOCORTICOLIPOTROPES SOMATOTROPES • GROWTH HORMONE SOMATOTROPH LACTOTROPHS • PROLACTIN THE PARS DISTALIS • ANTERIOR • MAJOR PORTION OF THE ADENOHYPHYSIS • TINY CLEFT SEPARATES IT FROM PARS INTERMEDIA PARS INTERMEDIA • PRESENT IN ANIMALS • CAUSES SEASONAL COLOR CHANGES IN FUR • PRESENT IN HUMAN FETUS • PRESENT IN HUMAN CHILD • INTEGRATES INTO PARS DISTALIS IN HUMAN ADULT THYROID • • • • • ANTERIOR TO TRACHEA TWO LOBES CONNECTED BY ISTHMUS MAY HAVE PYRAMIDAL LOBE WELL DEVELOPED NERVOUS SYSTEM THYROID FOLLICLES • FILLED WITH GELATINOUS COLLOID • EXTRACELLULAR STORAGE SITE FOR THYROID HORMONE – ONLY GLAND IN BODY WITH EXTRACELLULAR STORAGE SITE • HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF FOLLICLES PARENCHYME CELLS • FOLLICULAR CELLS – MOST PREVELENT – LINE FOLLICLES – PRODUCE THYROID HORMONE • PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS/CLEAR CELLS – USUALLY LARGER THAN FOLLICULAR – BETWEEN FOLLICLES – PRODUCE CALCITONIN THYROID FOLLICLE PARATHYROID GLANDS • • • • • TINY LENTIL SIZED FOUND IN POSTERIOR OF THYROID USUALLY TWO IN EACH LOBE TOTAL WEIGHT ABOUT 1 GRAM CELLS OF THE PARATHYROID • PRINCIPAL CELLS/CHIEF CELLS – MOST ABUNDANT – SECRETE PARATHYROID HORMONE • OXYPHIL CELLS – SEEM TO STORE RESERVE OF PARATHYROID HORMONE ADRENAL GLAND • CORTEX • MEDULLA ADRENAL GLANDS • LOCATED AT TOP OF KIDNEYS • EACH WEIGHS 4 GRAMS • DIVIDED INTO MEDULLA AND CORTEX PARTS OF ADRENAL GLAND • CORTEX • MEDULLA ADRENAL GLANDS • FOUND IN AREA OF THE 12TH RIB • NESTLED BETWEEN KIDNEY, DIAPHRAGM AND MAJOR VESSELS IN AREA. • RETROPERITONEAL • ANTERIOR SURFACE COVERED WITH PERITONEUM ADRENAL CORTEX • ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 90% OF WEIGHT OF GLAND • 5-7g • DERIVED FROM MESODERM • PRODUCTS ARE STEROIDS – ALL TRANSPORTED BY TRANSCORTIN ZONES OF THE CORTEX • ZONA GLOMERULOSA – ALDOSTERONE • ZONA FASCICULATA – CORTISOL • ZONA RETICULARIS – ANDROGENS ZONA GLOMERULOSA • JUST BELOW CAPSULE • SUPPLIES CELLS FOR REGENERATION IF NECESSARY • PRODUCES MINERALOCORTICOIDS – ALDOSTERONE ZONA FASCICULATA • • • • DEEP TO GLOMERULOSA MAKES UP BULK OF CORTEX PRODUCES GLUCOCORTICOIDS MORE CHOLESTEROL HERE THAN ANYWHERE ELSE • ALSO LOTS OF VITAMIN C ZONA RETICULARIS • DEEPEST LAYER OF CORTEX • SECRETE GONADOCORTICOIDS STEROID HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ADRENAL MEDULLA • INNER MOST PORTION OF ADRENAL GLAND • DERIVED FROM NEURAL CREST CELLS – SAME AS SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA • COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM CORTEX • MAY EXTEND INTO ZONA RETICULARIS CELLS OF THE MEDULLA • CELLS ARE GROUPED IN CLUMPS AROUND BLOOD VESSELS • CHROMAFFIN CELLS – SYTHESIZE – STORE – SECRETE EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE PINEAL GLAND • PEA SIZED • LOCATED IN ROOF OF DIENCEPHALON • IN EPITHALAMUS • NEUROTRANSDUCER • CONVERTS LIGHT AND DARK INTO AN ENDOCRINE SIGNAL • MELATONIN PINEAL GLAND PINEAL SAND THYMUS • • • • • DOUBLE LOBED LYMPHOID ORGAN ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM BEHIND STERNUM CORTEX MEDULLA CORTEX • MANY LYMPHOCYTES MEDULLA • • • • FEWER LYMPHOCYTES HASSAL’S CORPUSCLES UNKNOWN FUNCTION PRODUCES THYMOSINS HASSAL’S CORPUSCLES DEFINITIVE FOR THYMIC MEDULLA ADULT THYMUS • ADIPOSE CELLS REPLACE PARENCHYMAL CELLS • HASSAL’S CORPUSCLES CAN STILL BE FOUND IN MEDULLA PANCREAS • • • • • ELONGATED FLESHY HEAD, BODY AND TAIL TUCKED BEHIND STOMACH HEAD TUCKED INTO DUODENUM CURVE • BODY AND TAIL EXTEND TO LEFT • TAIL CONTACTS SPLEEN • MIXED GLAND – EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE PANCREAS • • • • • • RETROPERITONEAL DUCT OF WURSONG DUCT OF SANTORINI AMPULLA OF VATER SPHINCTER OF ODI DUODENAL PAPILLAE CELLS OF THE PANCREAS • ACINAR CELLS--EXOCRINE SECRETION • ALPHA CELLS--GLUCAGON • BETA CELLS--INSULIN • DELTA CELLS--SOMATOSTATIN • F CELLS--PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE INSULIN IN BETA CELLS NORMAL PANCREAS DIABETIC PANCREAS DIABETIC PANCREAS CHANGES IN KIDNEY IN DIABETES CHANGES IN KIDNEYS IN DIABETES EFFECTS OF DIABETES ON LIVER OVARIES OVARIES • AT BIRTH OVARIES CONTAIN PRIMARY OOCYTES • ARRESTED IN MEIOSIS I • BEGIN TO MATURE IN GROUPS OF 20 OR MORE • ONLY ONE USUALLY OVULATES MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE • CONTAINS SECONDARY OOCYTE • MEIOSIS I IS COMPLETED PRIOR TO OVULATION • MEIOSIS II DOES NOT OCCUR UNLESS FERTILZATION OCCURS CORPUS LUTEUM • FORMS AFTER OVULATION • CELLS TRANSFORMED TO A TEMPORARY ENDOCRINE GLAND • LUTENIZING HORMONE • PROGESTERONE IS PRODUCED CORPUS LUTEUM • EVENTUALLY BECOMES THE CORPUS ALBICANS TESTES • DESCENDS FROM NEAR KIDNEYS TO SCROTUM – SCROTUM IS AN EXTENSION OF THE PERITONEUM – LINING IS CALLED THE TUNICA VAGINALIS • MIGRATION MEDIATED BY LUTEINIZNG RELEASING HORMONE • EXTERNAL CAPSULE IS CALLED TUNICA ALBUGINEA PARENCHYME OF THE TESTIS SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES LEYDIG CELLS EPIDIDYMIS DUCTUS DEFRENS
