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A&P Lab - Week 1/2 Study Guide Endocrine System Note: this is not a complete list of terms or concepts to know. Pituitary: - pars distalis – very vascular, with three different colors of cells - acidophils – reddish orange cytoplasm - basophils – bluish purple, darker than acidophils - chromophobes – clear or pale cytoplasm - NOTE: colors refer to cytoplasm only. Nucleus is usually dark. - pars nervosa – pale, without very many obvious cells. Don’t worry about finding pituicytes - pars intermedia – somewhere between the other two. You will not see it alone. There will always be one or both of the other parts to help you identify. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS = ANTERIOR PITUITARY (pars distalis +pars tuberalis +pars intermedia) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS = POSTERIOR PITUITARY (pars nervosa + neural stalk) Pituitary stalk = infundibulum = pars tuberalis +neural stalk. Thyroid - look for fluid filled follicles. Fairly easy to identify. Colloid contains hormone precursors. - follicular cells – cells which line the follicle and touch the colloid. These cells make thyroxin - parafollicular cells – do not touch colloid. Larger and paler than follicular cells. These cells secrete calcitonin Parathyroid - small glands embedded in the thyroid - chief cells – more abundant, smaller, darker. Secrete PTH - oxyphil cells – fewer, come in clusters, bigger, paler. Unknown function - this gland is hard to distinguish from pars distalis. Look for size differences here, as opposed to color differences in the pituitary. Adrenal Gland - capsule – CT layer on the very outside of the cortex. Look for fibers - zona glomerulosa – first layer in. Cells form arches, secrete mineralocorticoids - zona fasiculata – in the middle of the cortex. Cells form straight cords with sinusoids in between them. Secrete glucocorticoids - zona reticularis – cells form webwork with sinusoids in between. Usually darker than the other two layers. Secretes gonadocorticoids - medulla – cells are bigger than cortical cells. Look for large cells with prominent nuclei. These are cells of the sympathetic ganglia. Medulla - secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. Note big medullary vein in the middle to allow easy access to circulation NOTE: the zones of the cortex are hard to tell apart. You will be given clear and obvious slides on quizzes, but this still takes practice. Pancreas - look for lighter, more disorganized tissue of the Islets of Langerhans. This is the only way to tell the pancreas from anything else. - alpha cells – in the islet, secrete glucagon - beta cells – in the islet, secrete insulin - NOTE: you do not have to ID these two types of cells specifically. Just know where they are found and what they secrete. Thymus - maturing lymphocytes look like small, dark blue or purple dots throughout the gland. - This gland produces thymosin. Important in maturation of killer T-cells Pineal - look for dark purple/black concretions of brain sand. Function of brain sand is unknown - produces serotonin (during waking) and melatonin (during sleep) - located in the roof of the third ventricle Gonads - You do not have to ID ovaries or testes histologically today ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone testes produce testosterone (produced by Leydig cells)