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UNIT 9
OUR COURSE OBJECTIVES
1.
Analyze the various social changes that occurred post World War II.
2.
Assess the level of responsibility of the US and the USSR for the major events of the
Cold War
3.
Compare and contrast politics, economics and society in postwar Western and Eastern
Europe
4.
Analyze the revolutions of 1989 and their impact on the world
Chapter 30—The Cold War Era and
the Emergence of the New Europe
Key Concepts
Cold War
As World War II drew to a close, the two superpowers, the US and the USSR,
moved from being cautious allies to being open enemies. Each gathered its allies into
defensive organizations, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, as it struggled to gain ascendancy
over the other. As well, each offered financial, military, and political aid to nations
through the Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, and Cominform. As the students study
this maneuvering, it is essential for them to see this as a process of actions and reactions
as each country’s fear of the other escalates the simmering Cold War.
European Union
The attempts at union of the peoples of Europe stretch back to the days of ancient
Rome. This dream of one Europe continues with such leaders and nations as
Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon, and Hitler. The first efforts at
voluntary unification of any European nations in the post-World War II world was the
Benelux Treaty of 1948, which focused on joint efforts of Belgium, the Netherlands, and
Luxembourg. However, the first efforts at voluntary unification of major European
nations began in 1951 with the European Coal and Steel Community and were economic
in nature. This movement grew into the European Economic Community (the EEC or
Common Market) in 1957. The European Free Trade Area was begun in 1959 as a
smaller version of the EEC. In 1993, the European Union was born from the EEC, with
its most well-known achievement, the Euro, a single European currency, being launched
in 1999.
Collapse of European Communism
With the rise of Khrushchev to power in the Soviet Union, Soviet leaders began to
offer a more “liberal” view of authority, as Stalinism was officially denounced.
However, as the Soviets attempted to spread their ideology of communism worldwide,
they, as well, attempted to refine their internal brand of communism. In the 1950s and
60s in nations where the Soviets had placed their control, several outbreaks occurred and
were promptly put down. When Brezhnev came to power there was, as well, a moderate
return to internal repression and an invasion of neighboring Afghanistan. However,
Brezhnev followed a policy of détente with the US and did sign the Helsinki Accords.
Gorbachev, though never repudiating socialism, began rapid programs of change to end
inefficiencies in the Soviet system and to improve the Soviet standard of living. These
programs of glasnost and perestroika soon led to open, free elections. As the Soviet
system softened within, so it did without as well. In 1989, as its satellite states moved
toward more liberal governments, it did nothing to stop them. And so, with carte
blanche, the domino effect of liberal revolutions moved across Eastern Europe,
eventually rolling toward, and encompassing, the Soviet Union itself in 1991.
ID’s
Afghan War
Decolonization
Invasion of Hungary
Alexander Dubcek
Détente
Iron
Curtain
Summit meeting
Arab-Israeli
Conflict
Lech Walesa
Superpowers
Ethnic cleansing
August 1991 Coup
Baltic Republics
Strategic Arms
Limitation
Agreement (SALT)
Leonid Brezhnev
European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC)
Supreme Soviet
Marshal Tito
Third World
Berlin
Airlift
European Commission
(EC)
Marshall Plan
Three Crises of 1956
Mikhail Gorbachev
Berlin Blockade
European Economic
Community (EEC)
NATO
Tiananmen Square
European Union (EU)
Nicolae Ceaçescu
Berlin Wall
Boris Yeltsin
Treaty of Maastricht
Treaty of Rome
Brezhnev
Doctrine
British Balfour
Declaration
Christian
Democratic
Party
Gdansk strike
Nikita Khrushchev
Truman Doctrine
German Democratic
Republic
Peaceful coexistence
Vaclav Havel
Perestroika
Warsaw Pact
Prague Spring
Wojciech Jarulzelski
German Federal Republic
Glasnost
Ronald Reagan
Helmut Kohl
Cold War
Helsinki Accords
Secret Speech of
1956
Common Market
Imre Nagy
Solidarity
Containment
Indochina War
Sputnik
Cuban Missile
Crisis
Invasion of Afghanistan
Chapter 31—Faces of the Twentieth Century:
European Social Experiences
Key Concepts
Changing Roles of Women
Women during the early 20th century generally had more opportunities than did
their mothers and grandmothers. In many countries they could attend universities and
work in previously men-only professions. Eventually, because of their work during
World War I, women began to expect rights in social and political arenas. Yet, in the
totalitarian states of Russia, Germany, and Italy, the post World War I world brought a
more restrictive role for women. They were expected to be the perfect women, wives,
and mothers that these societies needed to produce their perfect worlds, fascist or
communist.
Changing Secular and Religious Thought
During the turmoil of the early 20th century with two world wars and a major
depression, thinkers rejected traditional ways of reasoning as they attempted to analyze
their world. The irreconcilability of Soviet Communism and Marxism led to alternative
communist governments or the redefinition of Marxism itself. Existentialism, with its
criticism of reason and man’s rational achievements, showed an intellectual and ethical
crisis that equaled the social, political, and economic crisis of the times. At the same
time as existentialism offered its response to a world in turmoil, Christian churches
offered faith in God and His ability to redeem man from his sin. This return to
conservative Christianity did not end the liberal beliefs which had preceded it. These
theologians believed that man should look for God in himself rather than in heaven. The
Roman Catholic Church in the post-World War II period attempted some liberal changes
in practices, such as masses being said in vernacular, however it stayed true to its
foundational doctrines, such as clerical celibacy.
ID’s
Americanization
German Social Democratic Party
Neo-Orthodoxy
Consumer society
Greens
Solidarity
Cult of Motherhood
Hegelian philosophy
Sorbonne
Decolonization
Jean-Paul Sartre
Soren Kierkegaard
Enemy of the people
John-Paul II
Soviet Man
European Union
Marshall Plan
Soviet Woman
Existentialism
NATO
Treaty of Maastricht
Feminism
National Front
Vatican II
French Popular Front
National Socialist Women’s
movement
Zionists