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Chapter 35 America in World War II America’s Motivation United States was plunged into the inferno of World War II with the most humiliating defeat in history. U.S was looking to avenge the devastating attack in Pearl Harbor Americans adopted “Get Japan First” motto However the government had adopted “Get Germany First” motto Allies Trade Space for Time The Allies had the great mass of world’s population. Allies had the largest number of people while Germany had fewer number of people U.S had the mightiest military power on earth. Also, expense was no limitation for the allies. The only thing that the Allies didn’t have was time. Allies Spread Trade Space for Time America’s task was far more complex It had to feed, clothe, and arm itself it also had to transport it forces to regions as separated as Britain and Burma It had to send a vast amount of food and munitions to desperate allies Burma is located in Asia and has changed its name to Myanmar. The Shock of War WWII speeded the assimilation of many ethnic groups into American society. Japanese people in America were forcibly herded together in internment camps Even though two-thirds of them were American born U.S citizens The camps deprived the people from dignity and basic rights Supreme Court in 1944 upheld the constitutionality of the internment camps in Korematsu vs. U.S In 1988, more than 4 decades later, the government officially apologized for its actions and approved the payment of reparations of $20,000 to each camp survivor Japanese Internment Camps State Opened Max Pop’n Manzanar California 1942 10,046 Tule Lake California 1942 18,789 Poston Arizona 1942 17,814 Gila River Arizona 1942 13,348 Granada Colorado 1942 7,318 Heart Mountain Wyoming 1942 10,767 Rohwer Arkansas 1942 9,397 Jerome Arkansas 1942 8,130 Minidoka Idaho 1942 8,475 Topaz Utah 1942 8,497 Name Location of the Camps Japanese American Internment Camps Building the War Machine American factories poured forth an avalanche of weaponry 40 billion bullets, 300,000 aircraft, 76,000 ships, 86,000 tanks and 2.6 million machine gun Lowered productions of nonessential items Farmers also increased their output Armed forces drained the farms of workers New heavy investments in agriculture machinery and improve fertilizers made up the difference Building the War Machine Labor Union increased from 10 millions to 13 millions Resented the government dictated wage ceiling Had many walk-outs which plagued the war In June 1943, Congress passed Smith- Connally Anti-Strike Act Allowed federal government to seize and operate tied up industries Strikes against any government-operated industry were made a criminal offense Manpower and Woman Power Armed services enlisted nearly 15 million men and 216,000 women for noncombatant duties Needed many workers so they brought in women to work in factories more than 6 millions women took up jobs outside of their homes At the war’s end. Two-thirds of women war workers were left in the labor force Women’s Role in WWII Rosie the Riveter became a symbol for women workers in American Defense Industries Wartime Migrations War industries sucked people into boomtowns like Los Angeles, Detroit, Seattle, and Baton Rouge South experienced dramatic changes Received a disproportionate share of defense contracts 1.6 million blacks left south for west and north Segregation in the Armed Forces Black people were drafted into armed forces Assigned to service branches rather than combat units and subjected to petty degradations in general, the war helped embolden blacks in their long struggle for equality Holding the Home Front The war invigorated America’s economy and lifted the country out of a decade-long depression Gross national product vaulted from less than $100 billions in 1940 to $200 billions in 1945 The debt also skyrocketed from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billions in 1945 The war was costing about $10 million an hour The Rising Sun in the Pacific Japanese launched widespread and uniformly successful attacks on various Far Eastern bastions Included Guam, Wake, and the Philippines Also seized Hong Kong, British Malaya and cut off the critical Burma Road Far Eastern Bastions Guam Wake The Philippines Japan’s High Tide at Midway Japan also pushed southward Invaded New Guinea, Australia, Solomon Islands Finally lost the battle at Midway Island to U.S All the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft Didn’t fired a shot directly at each other Admiral Nimitz Plane “Hellcat” Fighter American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo Admiral Nimitz skillfully coordinated naval, air and ground units America’s new weapon “Hellcat”, a fighter plane, destroyed 250 Japanese aircraft while only losing 29 American planes On November 1944, round the clock bombing of Japan began The Allied Halting of Hitler Hitler had formidable fleet of submarines in the Atlantic Ocean At first getting the upper hand was difficult But British code-breakers broke the German’s Enigma codes and track the Uboats lurking the North Atlantic The Allied Halting of Hitler The turning point of the land-air war was in 1942. British and America were cascading bombs on German cities On October 1942, British general Bernard Montgomery delivered a withering attack at El Alamein The success gave a new lift to the Allied cause especially for the Soviet In November 1942, Russians unleashed a crushing counteroffensive A year later, Stalin regained about two-thirds of the Soviet land D-Day: June 6, 1944 Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met in person to coordinate their attack plan in Teheran, the capital of Iran Went on from November 28th to December 1st, 1943 Preparations for the cross-channel invasion of France were gigantic In Britain, more than 3 millions men were readied U.S provided majority of the Allied warriors Overall command was entrusted to General Eisenhower The attack was pinpointed to French Normandy which was held by Germany Stalin, Churchill and FDR D-Day: June 6, 1944 Germans were tricked into expecting a blow to fall farther north The Allies were able to block reinforcements by crippling the railroads Germans retreated in August 1944 when American-French force swept northward In August 1944, Paris was liberated In October 1944, the first important German city, Aachen, fell to the Americans Map of Germany FDR: The Fourth-Term of 1944 Victory-starved Republicans met in Chicago and nominated Thomas E. Dewey for President and John W. Bricker of Ohio for Vice President FDR was the “indispensable man” of the Democrats He was nominated on the first ballot by applause Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri was nominated for Vice-President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) Harry S. Truman Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Roosevelt won his fourth term as President over Thomas Dewey A sweeping victory: 432 to 99 in the Electoral College 25,606,585 to 22,014,745 in the popular vote He mostly won because the war was going well The Last Days of Hitler By the end of December, Germany seems to be losing its strength Desperate, Hitler staked everything on one last throw of his reserves On December 16, 1944, he attacked the Ardennes Forest Objective was the Belgian port of Antwerp Americans were caught off guard but they stabilize The Last Days of Hitler • In March 1945, American troops reached Rhine River and found a bridge that led to Elbe River in April 1945. In Berlin, they found concentration camps where Nazis had murder the “undesirables” including 6 millions jews. Holocaust The Allies didn’t know the extent of the Holocaust until the discovery of the concentration camps Tragedy Struck America On April 12, 1945, FDR, while relaxing at Warm Springs, died from a massive cerebral hemorrhage Bewildered, unbriefed Vice President Truman took the oath On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered unconditionally May 8 was officially proclaimed V-E (Victory in Europe) The Atomic Bombs and Japan’s Defeat America was planning on an all-out invasion of Japan Albert Einstein was pushed ahead to unlock the secret of an atomic bomb “The Manhattan Project” or the atomic bomb pushed forward Originally intended for Germany but now Japan Robert Oppenheimer invented the bomb Hiroshima Bombing On August 6, 1945, a lone American bomber dropped one atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan 180,000 were killed, wounded or missing 70,000 died immediately 60,000 more perished from burns and radiation disease Hiroshima Bombing The Atomic Bomb and Japan’s Defeat Two days after the bombing, Stalin entered the war against Japan However, Japan didn’t surrender 2nd atomic bomb was dropped in Nagasaki on August 9th. 80,000 people were killed or missing Finally, on August 10, 1945, Tokyo sued for peace on one condition: Hirohito would be allowed to remain on his throne as nominal emperor On September 2, 1945, official surrender ceremonies were conducted America celebrated V-J (Victory in Japan Day) after the most horrible war in history that ended with two mushrooming atomic clouds Japan surrender on USS Missouri on Sept 2, 1945 The Allies Triumphant WWII was terribly costly but profitable for U.S American lost 1 millions casualties Soviet Union lost 20 millions people America was untouched and healthy while the rest of the world was destroyed American military leadership proved to be of the highest order America industrialized more American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. America Celebrate Victory