Download AH 120 Human Diseases

AH 120 Human Diseases
Studying Diseases
Inflammation
Terminology

Disease : Altered function/physiology of a
body organ or system

Etiology : The cause of the disease

Pathology : the abnormal physiology that
produces the disease and its manifestations
Terminology (cont.)
Manifestations
Signs
 Physical observations or measurements
 Pulse, Blood Pressure, Temperature, etc
Symptoms
 What the patient says or feels
 Pain, difficulty breathing, etc
Test Findings
Terminology (cont.)
Diagnosis:
 Determining the disease process by evaluating the
manifestations
 Also includes:
 History
 Chief complaint, past medical history, social
history, occupational history
 Physical exam and tests to obtain signs and
symptoms
Prognosis : prediction of the outcome, usually
expressed as likelihood of recovery or survival
Tests
Besides signs and symptoms, test
findings are the other category of
disease manifestations used to make
the diagnosis
Laboratory Tests

Blood and body fluids tests: CBC,
electrolytes, UA, etc

Cytology: biopsies, sputum samples

Bacteriologic studies: C & S, Gram
staining, AFB
Radiologic Tests
Simple chest x-ray showing Tuberculosis in the left lung
Radiologic Tests
Using a contrast medium
Angiogram of carotid artery
Radionuclide Tests (Scintiscans)

Administering a
radioisoptope and then
scanning the area with
a Geiger counter-type
imaging device
Bone scan of head chest and pelvis showing tumors
Computerized Tomography
-CT ScansDifferent planes or slices are x-rayed and then a
computer generates a composite image
CT Scans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
Similar to CT scan
BUT uses magnetism
and radio frequencies
INSTEAD of ionizing
radiation to create
image
Electrocardiogram
(EKG or ECG)

Tracing of the
electrical activity of
the heart by placing
electrodes on the arms,
legs, and chest
Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Tracing of the
electrical activity in
the brain by placing
electrodes on the head
normal
During grand mal seizure
Diagnostic Medical Sonography
-DMSUltrasound
Image created by the echoes of high frequency sound
waves
Endoscopy


Using a scope to view the inside of the body through a
natural orifice or through a small surgical incision
Examples : Colonoscopy, Bronchoscopy,
Esophagogastroscopy, Laparoscopy, etc
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)

Measurement of lung volumes and flow rates
Disease Treatment
Therapeutic treatment : affects the outcome of
the disease
 Includes drugs, radiation, surgery, nutrition,
exercise, etc
Palliative treatment: Treating symptoms only
without affecting the outcome
 Surgery for pain relief with a terminal
disease
Inflammation
The response of living tissue to injury.
The inflammatory process removes
injured cells and debris and contains
the area of injury.
Triggers of Inflammation
NOTE! Infection and Inflammation are not the same thing!
Septicemia (Sepsis)
Infection spreads via the blood stream
and causes infectious inflammation
in many body tissues/systems.
White Blood Cells: PMNs
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Neutrophils
 Largest quantity of the WBCs
 Perform phagocytosis
Eosinophils
 Number increases with allergy
Basophils
 Contain histamine
 Migrate out of the blood and become mast cells
White Blood Cells: Mononuclear
Leukocytes


Monocytes
 Largest in size of WBCs
 Perform phagocytosis
 Called Macrophages or Histiocytes when they
migrate out of blood
Lymphocytes
 Second largest in quantity
 Release lymphotoxin and lymphokine
 More active in the immune process
The Inflammatory Process




Trigger: Trauma and Infection
4 Stages
Histamine released
and blood flow
increases as does
permeability
Neutrophil exudation
Monocyte exudation
Repair/Restoration
Repair & Restoration
The Inflammatory process may end in
one of three ways:
Tissue Restoration with Varying
Amounts of Scarring
Abscess Formation
Brain Abscess
Seen with infectious inflammation
Pus consists of dead tissue, WBCs, and microbes
Granuloma Formation
(when foreign material or
microbes can’t be phagocytosed)
Non-phagocytosed material surrounded by WBCs and fibrous
tissue. Granuloma has a solid center while an abscess has a
liquid (pus) center.
Acute Inflammation
Manifestations
Local (due to increased
bloodflow and
permeability)
 Redness
 Heat
 Swelling/Edema
 Pain
General
 Fever
 Leukocytosis
Chronic Inflammation
Insidious and long lasting. Exudation and
repair occur together
 There is less exudate and it has monocytes,
lymphocytes, and plasma cells but no
neutrophils
 Fibrosis (Scarring)
 Manifestations are less severe than acute
Treatment
Drugs
 Anti-inflammatory drugs: aspirin, acetaminophen
(Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), naprosin (Alleve)
 All reduce severity of process and its signs and
symptoms
 Steroids – inhibit severity of exudation and edema
 Antihistaminies – decrease severity of
inflammation when caused by allergy
 Antimicrobials – for infectious inflammation
Rest and gradual exercise
Drainage of abscess