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Periodization Charts and Review Tools •Unit Reviews •End of Course Reviews •Essay Reviews Europe: Snapshot of the World to 600 C.E. Early Japan: Early China: Mesoamerican Civilizations: Middle East: Greece and Rome: Africa: India: Byzantine Empire: Europe: Polytheistic/change to Christianity during control by Roman Empire until its fall. Dark ages: feudalism and isolation due to the fall of the Roman Empire (476); regional kingdoms run by nomadic invaders with Christianity growing more powerful. Knowledge lost except where recorded in monasteries; women worked as peasants, but nobles were secluded and had no economic or political control; Vikings begin raids; Mesoamerican Civilizations: Heirs to Olmec culture (800400BCE) who brought corn, domestication, specialization; Mexico’s Yucatan; Small warring city-kingdoms; polytheistic (sacrifices and blood-letting); nobility/warrior/priests, peasants, slaves; agricultural (maize, beans, cotton, cacao); elaborate calendar (365 ¼ days, world ends 12/23/2012); hieroglyphic writing, zero, pyramids, terraced agriculture Africa: hard iron technology; widespread trade; Egypt; Bantu language spread (along with farming and culture); Ghana begins in 200 CE; growth of Nubian state Snapshot of the World to 600 C.E. Middle East:Nomadic Bedouin camel nomads with animistic/polytheistic beliefs; clan rivalries; Muhammed was from Umayyad Clan and united them; transformed the kaaba from a polytheistic idol worshipping place into a monotheistic shrine. Zoroastrianism in Persia India: Aryan invaders from the central Asian steppes invade from the north and create caste system/Hindu religion with pantheon of gods. Mauryan and Gupta Empires. India’s golden age. Hinduism, Buddhism develop. Women’s status is low (sati, female infanticide) Greece and Rome: 800 BCE – 476 CE; Wars with Persia, Rome; Republic to Empire (Julius Caesar); Greece: democracy (Pericles), oligarchy, monarchy, tyrrany (politics), farming (slaves used widely), citizens’ duty, philosophy, Athens v. Sparta (Peloponnesian Wars); Hellenic culture (Alexander the Great – Hellenistic); Religion: pantheon of Gods (from Aryans); science: Greeks are theorists; Romans are engineers; Colonies in Mediterranean region Japan: Tribal structure with chiefdoms from 200 CE. Shinto religion (animist), traditional Japanese culture with little Chinese influence, probably trade with mainland; experts at agriculture and fishing; tattoos to indicate social class; iron technology; 400 CE: Korean scribes brought writing; natural cultural unity due to island isolation Early China: Shang, Zhou, Chin, Han. Early bureaucracy with divine emperor who ruled by the Mandate of Heaven. Oracle bones. Confucianism makes attempts to create wise civil workers. Qin Shihuangdi burns books, buries scholars, introduces legalism. Daoism encourages meditation on nature. Byzantine Empire: Highly bureaucratic, divine emperor, spies, rigid class structure; Rome moved east to Constantinople; trouble with Turks, trade-based and agricultural economies; Constantine, Justinian and Theodora, women held throne at times (Theodora and Zoe); preserved Greek tradition and language; Eastern Orthodox religion (Hagia Sophia, icons); Art: mosaics, icons, Kievan Rus, Moscow, Cyrillic language/ alphabet, Greek Fire, where East meets West; fell to the Ottoman Turks Feudal Europe: Feudal Japan: Snapshot of the World 600 - 1450 American Civilizations: Pre-Columbian MAYA AZTEC INCA Song Empire: Abbasid Caliphate: Byzantine Empire: Ghana and Mali: Mongol (Yuan Dynasty) Empire: 1200s – 1300s Delhi Sultanate: Feudal Europe: Crusades! Europe Feudal Japan: (794-1185) meets East! 1215: King John signs Magna Carta – beginnings of representative govt.; King, nobles, vassals, knights, serfs; feudalism (politics), manorialism (economics); Gothic architecture, 3-field system; Church v. state (lay investiture); Charles Martel halted Muslims at Tours; Thomas Aquinas tried to combine faith and reason – scholasticism (Aristotle relearned from Muslims in Crusades); Women – local commerce, guilds, less segregation in church; East/West split TAIKA(645-710), NARA (710-784), HEIAN (794-857) Ultra-civilized; puppet emperor controlled by Shogun>Daimyo>Samurai>Peasants. Bushido=chivalry. Art: Poetry, TALE OF GENJI, literature, brushpainting, Zen Buddhism mixed with Shintoism; tried to mimic China but aristocrats emphasized tradition (Buddhist backlash); Guilds, 12th C Warlord control (Taira, Minamoto families preserved imperial line by controlling it); Women – in early centuries aristocratic women hunted and rode, were part of commerce, took part of family inheritance – later lost it to marriage alliances and primogeniture Snapshot of the World 600 - 1450 American Civilizations: Pre-Columbian MAYA AZTEC INCA Writing Bloodletting Sacrifice of POWs City-kingdoms Astronomy 12-23-2012 Cacao beans for currency Tikal temples Chichen Itza Trade, military Aristocratic priests, warriors, peasants Militaristic POWs as slaves and sacrifices Localized trade Temples, Tribute Women bore warriors, ground corn Chinampas Eagle on Cactus prophesizes Moctezuma’s loss to Cortez in 1519 Teotihuacan (Mexico City) Tribute, hostages Roads (Romans) Atahualpa (killed by Pizarro), Pachacuti Cult of the Dead (mummies) Split inheritance Women inherited women’s property Sacrifices QUIPU: knotted ropes for records Ghana and Mali: Ibn Battuta described in his travels throughout Dar al Islam; Agricultural, large armies w/cavalry; alliances with Sudanic kingdoms; GRIOTS, no writing; Sundiata Keita, MANSA MUSA (richest man in world – hajj – gold prices dropped); Traded gold, salt, horses, slaves across Sahara; Mosques at Jenne, Timbuktu; Universities and Madrasas; women inferior (4 wives/man); rulers’ power based on ability to intercede with local spirits (like Mandate of Heaven); 80% population farmers with difficult lives Song Empire: 960-1279 Anti-Buddhist backlash, weaker than Tang Empire as army took back seat to scholar-gentry; Bloated Abbasid Caliphate: (750 – 1258) Islamic, bureaucracy, isolationist; Neo-Confucianism, cosmopolitan, sharia, bureaucratic, ulama; More Golden Age of Junks and trade as far as trade-oriented than Umayyads; banks, saks Mediterranean; flying money, banks, Grand Canal, (checks), trade, peasants overtaxed for corrupt irrigation, bridges, gunpowder, naphtha, fireworks, and bloated bureaucracy; mosques at Cordoba, projectiles, rocket launchers; women – foot Sufi missionaries, capital at Baghdad guarded binding, no widow remarriage, no divorce, by eunuchs, divine rulers (Shadow of God on inheritance, education. Men could be adulterous Earth), wazirs; women veiled and secluded; and remarry. Moveable type – printing -literature mercenary slave armies; irrigation collapsed to Delhi Sultanate: 1206 – decrease farm output Byzantine Empire: 500- 1453 Constantine; Trade Mongol (Yuan Dynasty) Empire: 1200s – 1300s b/w Europe/Asia; Bureaucracy like China; Militaristic to the Khan who could keep it; Chinggis, Eastern Orthodox Kubilai, Batu, Hulegu; traded with conquered (iconoclasm, mosaics); Theodora – women could peoples; repaired and guarded silk roads for revenue; mounted cavalry, stirrup; largest land own property equal to empire in world history; women had high status dowry; Justinian’s Code/Corpus of Civil Law; – hunted, fought, resisted foot binding; Yuan Belisarius – general who used Chinese bureaucracy but Chinese could tried to retake Western not marry or use Mongol language. Merchants Roman Empire, weakened earned higher status due to trade; Religion: the East; Hagia Sophia, shamanism, later Islam; Mongol advance Greek Fire; Fell to Ottoman stopped by Mamelukes of Egypt (slave dynasty) Turks (Mehmed the Conqueror) Mahmud of Ghazni from Afghanistan; Muslim rulers over Hindu majority in N. India; taxed peasants, some public works, some conversion among lower castes and Buddhists (Buddhists weakened by Muslim raids); separate Hindu/Muslim living areas, Islam adopted Hindu gender issues and class/caste divisions; SATI; Bhakti cult tried to revive Hinduism as response to Muslim conversions for lower caste Hindus Western Europe: Snapshot of the World 1450 - 1750 Russia: Renaissance: Reformation: China: Exploration: Japan: Mercantilism: African Kingdoms: Humanism: Southeast Asia: Americas: Ottoman Turks: ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: India - Mughals: Western Europe: Mercantilism, humanism, exploration Snapshot of the World 1450 - 1750 Renaissance: 1300-1600 – a renewed interest in classical culture; led to far-reaching change in art, learning, views of world (inspired by contact with East during Crusades); Began in Italian city-states (art) and spread north (philosophy and religion) Reformation: 16th Century movement of religious reform, leading to the founding of Protestant Christian Churches that rejected Pope’s authority (Lutheran, Calvinism) Russia: Autocratic, theocratic monarchy (Tzars) ruling nobles, peasants (serfs); Peter, Ivan, Catherine the Great; Czars controlled church; Patriarchal; Harsh serfdom (bought/sold); Pugachev’s Rebellion (crushed) China: Bureaucratic MING Empire; Elite, scholar-gentry in charge; Zheng He the Eunuch Muslim led naval expeditions; Civil Service Exam; Free peasant labor; silver trade with Americas; Nomadic incursions to north; Later isolationism Exploration: Colonizing Americas most prominent; spawned by Portuguese attempt to find a route to Indies that avoided Muslim middlemen; Vasco da Gama rounded tip of Africa Mercantilism: Economic theory that promotes government control of internal economy to avoid Japan: Autocratic, centralized rule under losing gold and silver to enemy states; goods African Kingdoms: North Africa- Sunni Ali in western Sudan; Rulers puppet emperor; Feudalism; Ruling Elite should be produced in a country’s own territory; adopted Islam but kept some animist traditons; West Africa-Autocratic TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE, Samurai, free monarchies: rulers, merchants, peasants, slaves; Some matrilineal Spawned colonization. peasants, artisans, merchants; Christianity societies; Slavery in Africa previously based on wealth since ruler owned welcomed, then repressed as threat; Humanism: Individual has dignity and worth; all land and slaves assimilated into families – not hereditary. European isolationism; Dutch Learning from port at ideas of Enlightenment philosophes participation in slave trade expanded and moved it to coastal regions from Nagasaki the interior, elevated warrior class, and disrupted family and political patterns. Eastern Africa-Swahili city-states continued Indian Ocean trade. Americas: Colonized by Portuguese, Songhai collapse left political fragmentation. 1770s-Islamic influence partly Spanish, Dutch, English; Inspired by a Southeast Asia: Chinese influence a way to escape capture as slaves; 1652: Dutch established colony need to provide silver/gold for China around the Cape of Good Hope. Ethiopia is Coptic Christian. (Confucianism, politics, Buddhism; trade; climate invited plantations and Dutch/Portuguese trading posts and English imperialism. Enslavement and death of spice trade; No match for European military Ottoman Turks: Autocratic monarchy: rulers, military, indigenous peoples. Columbian technology; Missionaries brought Exchange. merchants, oppressed peasants, slaves from all over; bloated Christianity to compete with Buddhism, bureaucracy; Suleyman, Mehmed II; Muslim, patriarchal, Islam, Hinduism, polytheism; Spheres of ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: Triangular DEVSHIRME (recruiting Christian boys as tax to become influence as Europeans controlled local trade of guns/Africans/sugar and rum Jannisaries); peasant labor; conquered Byzantines (Constantinople economies and rulers b/w Europe/Africa/Americas (1600became Istanbul); trade-based; world’s longest-ruling empire 1900) 10-11 million Africans to the Americas; most to Brazil; caused wars India- Mughals conquered the sub-continent by early 1700s: Autocratic Islamic Sultan b/w African states; disrupted African (theocratic monarchy); Muslim/Hindu castes; Babar, Akbar, Nur Jahan, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb; history (griots, no written language) and patriarchal but elite women had much political influence; limited trade with few maritime gender balance; extreme cruelty contradicted humanist teachings; ventures; Din-I-Ilahi (Akbar’s syncretic blend of Islam/Hinduism; Akbar promoted women’s justified through social Darwinism rights, outlawed sati; Sha Jahan built Taj Mahal; Aurangzeb’s intolerance of non-Muslims brought down empire EUROPE: Russia: Snapshot of the World 1750 - 1914 China: African Kingdoms: Americas: Japan: Ottoman Turks: India: GLOBAL ISSUES: Southeast Asia: EUROPE: Economics = mercantilism; Enlightenment; Russia: Still serf-based until late Industrialization (1789) eclipsed agriculture; painful social industrialization and emancipation of Snapshot of the World Before 1750 - 1914 changes, urbanization (hell holes), work leaves home, serfs (1860s); Autocratic, theocratic women work, child labor, rise of middle class, population czars; Westernized by Peter the Great revolution; Govt: monarchies challenged by and Catherine the Great; Huge landrepresentative movements: Loss of British based empire; Czar Nicholas I used American colonies 1776; French secret police, supported nationalist Revolution 1789 (Robespierre’s movements in Balkans to steal control Reign of Terror); Napoleon’s Coup from Ottoman Turks; Count Witte d’etat and Liberals v. Radicals; modernized/industrialized. Women women – aristocrats and elite left excelled in medicine, education; 1905 merchant partnerships to rear Revolution; wars with children at home while working class Ottomans/Japanese; reforms fell apart, women went to factories; feminism, landlords were too powerful and suffrage (Emmaline Pankhurst of peasants were too oppressed Great Britain); Unification of China: Qing in decline; TAIPING and Germany/Italy; Marks/Engels – BOXER rebellions; 1839 Opium Wars dictatorship of the proletariat end isolation; imperialism; food (Communism); Leisure (parks, shortages; famine, population bicycles, arts, sciences); Tangled explosion, limited technology due to alliances (Triple Alliance, Triple isolationism; Extraterritoriality: Cixi Entente); Balkan states of Ottoman defied modernization (marble ship African Kingdoms: Imperialism – SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA – no match Empire – nationalism – coveted by statue) 1912 – Puyi deposed – Sun for European technology or guns; European settlement colonies and loss Russia; Imperialism in Africa, Asia, Yat-Sen’s revolutionaries cut off of native lands/rights; No education for Africans – stunted growth of middle Americas, Australia (Partition of queues and abandoned Confucianism class; no European mixing with natives – lesson from SE Asia; Africa); White dominions (Canada, New Zealand, Australia) Mining/farming profits went to Europe; Apartheid in South Africa Japan: Isolationism: closed ports even in storms; port at Nagasaki allowed some Dutch Learning. Limited technology; fairly good economy until 1850s; Americas: Revolutions: American 1776, Ottoman Turks: OTTOMAN collapse due to corruption, inept sultans, Matthew Perry (1853) opened ports. MEIJI Haitian 1793, Latin America (Simon Bolivar Russian/European threat, nationalism from within; 1839 TANZIMAT reforms restoration led to industrialism and imperialism; plows the sea trying for Gran Columbia; modernized/westernized; Young Turks deposed sultan, brought free press, conflict b/w conservatives and westernizers. Decolonization – democracy struggled constitution, educ. for women; abused Arabs and lost 600-yr-old empire Militarism, police repression avoided peasant revolts against dictatorships; caudillos; liberals v. during WWI. Turkey built on ruins by Kemal Ataturk. EGYPT: Napoleon from poor living conditions; Sino-Japanese War with conservatives; Catholic Church rule; crushed Mameluks (1798). MIDDLE EAST: Islamic rulers became puppets toChina over Korea (1894-5); Zaibatsu (industrial Migration of workers form Asia, Europe, European overlords. Women lost more status. combines); silk labor – women were sometimes sold Africa (slave trade); ATLANTIC SLAVERY by poor farm families. ENDS due to 1.Enlightenment 2.Industry India: Crown Jewel of British Empire after British took control over trumped agriculture; Slavery in full swing princely states due to regional disputes; British education, language, Southeast Asia: Colonized by Dutch, British, until 1800s; Democracy in US/Civil War; customs encouraged; Outlawed SATI in reforms. SEPOYS: Indian troops French – early mingling w/ natives but later strict Western women idealized (motherhood, paid by British (Sepoy Rebellion) segregation; Early SE Asian women had high right to vote, still lack equality in work with status in trade activities and often married exceptions during world wars); US European men wanting their fortunes. becomes imperialist power; Charles Europeans adopted SE Asian styles and GLOBAL ISSUES: Increased environmental degradation, Darwin, Sigmund Freud, Einstein, customs. Later NABOBS abused peasants and romanticism, nationalism, American international trade, migration (forced and free), westernization cheated companies. Some later missionary work Exceptionalism; Very little industry in Latin (Cultural diffusion), global tensions, females as domestic servants w./ minor success. America – monoculture, reliance on one crop or export product (problematic) WESTERN EUROPE: Snapshot of the World 1914 - Present JAPAN AND PACIFIC RIM: China: NORTH AMERICA: AFRICA: EASTERN EUROPE: Middle East/Southwest Asia: LATIN AMERICA: India: GLOBAL ISSUES: WESTERN EUROPE: Loss of colonies & dominance (political & economic) in WWI and II. Breakdown of Snapshot WESTERN HEGEMONY. FASCISM (Hitler and Mussolini) Communism rises and falls in Russia; Hitler’s rise due to Treaty of Versailles after WWII. Breakup of AustroHungarian Empire. Armenian and Jewish Holocausts. Great Depression>welfare state and socialism. Nationalism in W. Europe declines. European Union creates economic powerhouse. Art: Cubism, Dadaism NORTH AMERICA: Isolationist at start of WWI and II. Superpower afterward. Great Depression – FDR’s welfare state/ New Deal; League of Nations >United Nations. Cold War with USSR – Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis. Industrial power = consumerism. Women’s feminist revolution (Roe v. Wade) Civil Rights (Brown v. Board of Ed.) Dr. Martin Luther King JR; US intervention in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe for human rights and Middle East for oil. Industry moved abroad in the late 20th C. as cheap goods from Asia flooded markets. Adopted role as enforcer of world democracy. Migrants for work & political freedom. Gap b/w rich & poor. More technology but less access to health care. OIL crisis. JAPAN AND PACIFIC RIM: Imperialism (China & SE bombing of Pearl Harbor); Militaristic industry rebuilt of the World 1914 - Present Asia, with US help after WWII; Fascist to democratic- weapons to cars and electronics; economic growth in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, etc. Conflicts b/w Communism and democracy (N & S Korea, N&S Vietnam); US interventions to prevent Communism; some monarchies, some representative govts; low wages; Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, growing women’s rights China: Chang Kai-Shek fought Mao AFRICA: Decolonization from French, British to create military dictatorships Zedong’s Communists while Japan invaded; After WWII, Mao’s Communists gained control in a peasant revolution; Great Leap Forward > Industry and progress; Women gained rights and status; China has questionable human rights record, environmental problems; Economic superpower now embracing capitalism but still Communist; Hu is president; Cheap labor and devalued currency threaten US industry and economy. w/poor civil rights; Ethnic tensions due to false colonial borders; Problems w/monoculture, desertification, draught, AIDS, famine, women’s rights (rape, female genital mutilation); Economic crisis, corruption, and military EASTERN EUROPE: Cold War – strongmen in control; Anti-Apartheid: Nelson Mandela, Muslim/Christian controlled by Communist USSR; Eastern conflicts, migrations to Europe; Ethnic cleansing with weak UN efforts. Bloc/Iron Curtain/ Warsaw Pact; Lack of Middle East/Southwest Asia: Decolonization; Balfour Declaration: Israeli consumerism; and Zionism is great threat to Middle East peace; Most countries Islamic – Lenin>Stalin>Kruschev>Breznev>Gorbach LATIN AMERICA: WWI – reliance on splits between Sunnis and Shiites; Oil is power (OPEC); Some ev>Putin; Post-Communist democracies, fundamentalism – problems for women’s rights (Western dress to Burkas, foreign investments and monoculture dictatorships; ethnic tensions (Yugoslavia) education forbidden, women cannot go to doctor or out in public); caused economic crisis after Great Gorbachev brought peristroika and Israeli/Palestinian wars; Iran/Iraq war; Iraq invades Kuwait (Gulf War); war in Depression; Military dictatorships; gap glasnost; Soviet Union ended in 1991; Afghanistan to stop terrorism/Taliban; Increased tension in Iraq b/w elite and impoverished masses; Russia now struggling with Capitalism. Great Depression killed fledgling India: Gandhi’s non-violent resistance brings independence; India becomes world’s democracies; Juan Peron (Evita) in largest democracy; Non-alignment w/US or USSR; Hindu nationalism – India/Pakistan Argentina and Vargas’s suicide in Brazil; split; Women’s rights in crisis: female infanticide, abortion, dowry deaths, wife burning Communist threats brought US intervention; Banana Republics in Caribbean & S. America; New trends GLOBAL ISSUES: Migrations (economic, political, disaster); westernization and its challengers; toward democracy; Migration to US for transportation and globalization; diplomacy and war; environmental degradation (oil and water crisis, work and political freedom (Cuba) global warming); overpopulation Other Useful Review Charts • Religion • River Valley Civilizations • Revolutions Religion (symbol) Polytheism Hinduism Buddhism Judaism Confucianism Daoism Shintoism Christianity † Date and Location of Origin Founder/ Leader/Proph et Holy Text Major Beliefs Economic and Social Impact of Spread Early River Valley Civilizations Advanced Cities Mesopotamia Egypt Indus Valley China Specialized Workers Complex Institutions Records Advanced Technology Class Structure Culture (religion, written records, art, science, attitudes, etc) Mesopotamia Egypt Indus (India) Shang (China) Meso-America (Olmec) South America (Chavins) State Structure (Government, military, education, etc) Social Structure (demographic change, gender roles,hierarchies) 20th Century Revolutions Chart Date? Mexico China Russia Causes Progress (Stages) Outcomes Comparative Revolutions Chart Old Regime (causes) Chinese Revolution 1911-1945 Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 Russian Revolution 1917-1922 Political or Social Groups and their goals Important Leaders and their accomplishments Important events in the Revolution Results and Limits Various and Sundry • Projects: Considerations include time constraints and student motivation (Medieval Document Analysis, Revolutions) • Essay Rubrics • Angela Lee’s Jigsaw Concept Applications • WHA List serve Projects I Use • Gifted/Talented Differentiation in Texas • Optional projects outside of class when time is short • Medieval Cities • Revolutions • Renaissance/Enlightenment/Scientific Revolution • Columbus Analysis