Download Audio Digital to Analog Converter

Digital to Analog Converter for
High-Fidelity Audio Applications
Matt Smith
Alfred Wanga
CSE598A
Summary
• R-2R Ladder Architecture
• Current progress
– Poly resistor, NOR gates, D-flipflops
• Remaining work
• Observations and challenges
• Schedule
R-2R Ladder Architecture
3R2
R2
Vout
[
]x3
Gain of 3 on output stage allows full voltage range on output,
in addition to buffering for low output impedance
Current Progress
• Digital Logic
– Flip flops used to latch digital inputs
– Gate logic optimized for digital transition point
– D flip flop was designed from NOR gate logic
– Layout and testing complete
• Polysilicon Resistors
– Values of 7kΩ and 14kΩ chosen for R-2R
ladder resistors
Polysilicon Resistors
• Serpentine pattern used
to construct standard (7k)
and double (14k) sized
resistors
• Resistance calculated
from process parameters
• Since resistors are
needed in R-2R ratios,
exact poly sheet
resistance is no concern
(all resistors are affected
proportionately)
NOR Gate Logic
A
B
OUT
D Flip Flop
• Layout done with metal1
and metal2, leaving metal3
for global routing
Inverter
NOR3
NOR2
D Flip-Flop Simulation Results
CLK
DIN
Q
QNOT
Remaining Work
• Output Buffer
– Linear, Large (Current) Gain
– Large output swing needed
• Design Layout Characterization
– Signal Distortion
– Maximum Load Impedance
– Frequency Response
Observations and Challenges
• Use of hierarchical cells reduced the
complexity and time needed for
schematics and layout
• Line resistance is not calculated during
layout extraction, making simulation of
polysilicon-based resistors more difficult
The Schedule
• 3/13 – Finish individual cells, figure out
how to properly simulate poly resistors
• 3/20 – Do full layout
• 3/27 – Simulation
• 4/3 – Debug, prepare presentation