Download angina

The Cardiovascular System
By Cody Collins
Atria
• heart is made up of four chambers
• two chambers on each side of the heart, one
on the bottom and one on the top
• two chambers on top are called the atria
(atrium).
• left atrium and a right atrium.
• atria fill with blood returning to the heart
from the body and lungs.
Ventricles
• The two chambers on the bottom are
the ventricles.
• The heart has a left ventricle and a right
ventricle. Their job is to return blood to
the body and lungs.
• Left ventricle distributes blood to the
body.
• Right ventricle distributes blood to the
lungs.
The Heart
• The atria and ventricles work together.
• The atria fill with blood, and pump it
into the ventricles.
• The ventricles then squeeze, pumping
blood out of the heart.
• The atria refill and prepare for the next
contraction while the ventricles are
squeezing.
Valves
• blood relies on four special valves
inside the heart
• valves lets something in and keep it
there by closing
• Example: Think of walking through a
door. The door shuts behind you and
keeps you from going backward.
Valves
• Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve
o Purpose-allow blood flow from the atria to the
ventricles.
• Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve
o Purpose- in charge of controlling the flow as the blood
leaves the heart.
• These valves work to keep the blood flowing
forward.
• open to let blood move ahead
• close quickly to keep the blood from flowing
backward.
The Heart
Anatomy of a Heart
Enlarged Heart
Human Heart
Visuals
Pig Heart
History
• The valves of the heart were discovered
by a physician of the Hippocratean school
around the 4th century BC.
• Herophilus distinguished veins from
arteries but thought that the pulse was a
property of arteries themselves.
• The Greek physician Galen knew that
blood vessels carried blood and identified
venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter
and thinner) blood.
References
•http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/heart_noSW.html
•http://anatquest.nlm.nih.gov/VisibleHuman/ImageData
/Rendered/jpg/DPR100007226.jpg
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular
•http://www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/libgra
ph/heart.gif
Heart Valves
By: Tracey D. Smith
What it does
 The
heart has four chambers
 The upper two are the right and left atria
 The lower two are the right and left
ventricles
 Blood is pumped through the chambers,
aided by four heart valves
 The valves open and close to let the blood
flow in only one direction
What it looks like
The four heart valves
 The
tricuspid valve
 The pulmonary or pulmonic valve
 The mitral valve
 The aortic valve
Problems
 Heart
valves don’t always work as they
should.
 A person can be born with an abnormal
heart valve.
 A valve can also become damaged by:
 Infections
 Rheumatic fever
 Changes in valve structure
Defective Heart Valve
Can you fix it?
To fix a defective heart valve you have to have
surgery.
 A number of durable and highly efficient artificial
valves have been developed from animal parts,
plastic, and metal.
 There are also newer surgical techniques to
reconstruct defective heart valves.
 Physician scientists at Columbia are currently
investigating the potential of a non-invasive
procedure for mitral valve repair procedure
known as Evalve.

Effects of heart valve disease
 Valves
that don’t shut properly cause the
regurgitation of blood back across the
valve in the wrong direction.
 Valves that won’t open properly is known
as stenosis of the valve, which means that
blood flow through the valve is limited.
Aortic valve stenosis
References
 http://www.google.com/
 http://www.ask.com/?o=0#subject:ask/pg
:1
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/h
eartvalve1.shtml
Heart
Murmurs
By: Katie Cox
MURMURS
Extra, abnormal, or unexpected sound
caused by the flow of blood through
the heart
SYMPTOMS








Chest pain
Rapid or pounding heartbeat
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Dizziness
Weakness
Fever cough
Paleness
CAUSES

Defective Heart Valve

Holes in the heart wall

Surgical repair of congenital heart defects

Fever

Anemia
PREVENTION

Proper treatments of:

Strep throat

Rheumatic Fever

Hypertension
SIX ATTRIBUTES


Intensity
Pitch

Configuration

Quality

Duration

Timing
INTENSITY/PITCH






Grade I: Faintest, Heard with difficulty
Grade II: Faint but identified immediately
Grade III: Moderately loud
Grade IV: Loud, associated with palpable thrill
Grade V: Very loud, can’t be heard with
stethoscope
Grade VI: Loudest, can be heard without
stethoscope
CONFIGURATION

Crescendo: increasing

Decrescendo: decreasing

Crescendo-Decrescendo: diamondshaped

Plateau: unchanged
QUALITY

Squeaky

Musical

Harsh

Scratchy

Rumbling

Grunting

Blowing
DURATION & TIMING

Length of systole
or diastole a
murmur occupies
Most important
in determining
cause
 In relation to
normal cardiac
cycle

TYPES
Diastolic
 Muscle relaxation
 Systolic
 Muscle contraction
 Continuous
 Throughout cardiac cycle

REFERENCES




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur
http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/site497/m
ainpageS497PO.html
http://heartlink.mcw.edu/article/880000049.ht
ml
http://atoz.iqhealth.com/HealthAnswers/encyc
lopedia/HTMLfiles/3168.html
Pacemakers
The study of the heart
Introduction
• Electrical impulses from the heart muscle
cause your heart to beat (contract). This
electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial
(SA) node, atrium). The SA node is
sometimes called the heart’s “natural
pacemaker.”
A pacemaker (or "artificial
pacemaker”)
• so as not to be confused with the heart's natural
pacemaker) is a medical device designed to
regulate the beating of the heart. The purpose
of an artificial pacemaker is to stimulate the
heart when either the heart's native pacemaker
is not fast enough or if there are blocks in the
heart's electrical conduction system preventing
the propagation of electrical impulses from the
native pacemaker to the lower chambers of the
heart, known as the ventricles.
Heart Regulators
• Pacemakers are small electrical generators that
control your heart beat. They are often just
called pacers. You may need a pacemaker if you
have a chronic rhythm problem. The pacemaker
is one sealed unit, with a battery, some circuitry,
and a connector block inside.
The battery supplies the power. The circuitry
is like a little computer inside the pacemaker - it
changes energy from the battery into tiny
electrical pulses that go to your heart through
wires called leads. The connector block is
plastic, on top of the pacemaker. That's where
the leads connect to the generator unit.
Devices that will not affect or
damage pacemakers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CB Radios
Electric Drills
Electric Blankets
Electric Shavers
Ham Radios
Heating Pads
Metal Detectors
Microwave Ovens
TV Transmitters
TV Remote controls
X-Ray Machines
Airport Security Detectors
Devices that will affect or damage
the pacemaker
• Power Generating Equipment
• Welding Equipment
• Certain pieces of equipment used by
dentists
• Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)
machines
• Radiation machines for treating cancer
• Heavy equipment or motors that have
powerful magnets
Electrocardiogram
• Reads the electric pulses in the heart
• This picture represents the ECG for a normal heart
A pacemaker is about the size of a
matchbox. It is made up of two
parts.
• A pulse generator, which includes the
battery and several electronic circuits
• Wires called leads, which are attached to
the heart wall. Depending on the type of
pacemaker you need, there may be one or
two leads
An X-Ray of a real working
pacemaker looks like this
Pacemaker Patients
• For most people, work, hobbies, sexual
activity, travel, and other aspects of their
lifestyles are no different once they have a
Guidant implanted device. It will help you
enjoy as active and productive a lifestyle
as your overall health permits.
High Blood Pressure
By Vincent Espinoza
What is high blood pressure?
High blood pressure is when you have a
blood reading of 140/80mmHg(millimeters
in mercury) or higher.
 It is high tension in the arteries.
 Also called hypertension.
 It does not mean excessive tension or
stress.
 It is able to cause heart disease, kidney
disease, and stroke.

Facts about high blood pressure

One in three Americans has high blood
pressure.

It is often called the silent killer because
there are no symptoms.

Some people may not find out until they
have trouble with their hearts, brains, and
kidneys.
If not found and treated
It can cause the heart to become larger,
which may lead to heart problems.
 Small bulges form on the blood vessels.
 Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow.
 Arteries in the body to harden.
 Blood vessels in the eyes the burst or
bleed, which may cause vision changes or
blindness.

The types of high blood pressure

Essential hypertension

Secondary hypertension
Essential hypertension
Is a far more common condition and accounts
for 95% of hypertension.
It is multilateral in the sense that there are
many causes.
Secondary hypertension

Is 5% of hypertension.

Secondary to a specific abnormality in one
or more of the organs.
Treatment
Keep in mind that hypertension occurs
way before it does any damage.
 Increased public awareness is a good
treatment.
 Some others are diastolic pressures in
association with the organs.

Goals

The public awareness is to warn the
people of the dangers and the good
chance that they might have it.

This is because it is obviously easier to
treat it earlier than later.
Sources

www.medicinet.com

www.will-net.com
Cassie Humphrey
Bio. Med.
2006 Summer Institute
What Is It?
• Chest pain or discomfort that occurs
when the heart muscle doesn’t get
enough blood.
• Symptom of coronary artery disease.
• The heart doesn’t receive enough
oxygen due to a narrowed coronary
artery.
What Does It Look Like?
• The coronary
artery is narrowed
reducing the flow
of oxygen to the
heart.
• It is easier for
plaque to get
inside a narrower
artery.
What Does It Feel Like?
• May feel like pressure or a squeezing
pain in your chest.
• Pain could also occur in the
shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
• Could also feel like indigestion.
Types of Angina
• Stable Angina
• Unstable Angina
• Variant Angina
Stable Angina
• Most common type of angina.
• Occurs when the heart is working
harder than usual.
• Regular pattern.
• Pain goes away a few minutes after
resting or taking medicine.
• Makes it more likely to have a heart
attack in the future.
Unstable Angina
• Very dangerous condition that
•
•
•
•
requires emergency treatment.
Could be a sign that heart attack
might occur soon.
Does not follow a pattern.
Can occur without physical exertion.
Not relieved by rest or medicine.
Variant Angina
• Very rare.
• Usually occurs when one is at rest
between midnight and in the early
morning.
• Pain can be severe.
• Relieved by medicine.
Treatments
• Do It Yourself
Treatments
• Control high blood
pressure
• Quit smoking
• Control cholesterol
levels
• Control weight
• Physical activity
• Regular exercise
which must be
ensured by a doctor
that it will not trigger
angina.
• Control diabetes
• Avoid stress
• Avoid getting cold
• Avoid excessive
alcohol
More Treatments
• Medications
• Nitroglycerin
• Glycerin Trinitrate
Tablets
• Beta Blockers
• Calcium and Channel
Blockers
• Surgery
• Coronary Artery
Bypass Surgery
• Balloon Angioplasty
• Artery Stent
Sources
• http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/a/an
gina/treatments.htm
• http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/
Diseases/Angina/Angina_WhatIs.html
• http://www.umm.edu/patiented/graph
ics/images/en/18054.jpg
Heart Attack
By: Tesia Muth
Definition
• Heart attack (myocardial
infarction) is a medical emergency
in which some of the heart’s blood
supply is suddenly and severely
reduced or cut off, causing the
heart muscle (myocardium) to die
because it is deprived of its oxygen
supply.
Symptoms
• chest pain or discomfort in the center of the
chest, “heaviness” or “crushing” feeling that
lasts for more than a few minutes or goes
away and comes back
• pain or discomfort in other areas of the upper
body including arms, back, neck, jaw, or
stomach
More Symptoms
• difficulty breathing, shortness of
breath
• sweating or “cold sweat”
• fullness, indigestion, or choking feeling
(may feel like “heartburn”)
• nausea or vomiting
• light-headedness
• extreme weakness or anxiety
• rapid or irregular heart beats
Causes
• usually occurs when a blockage in a
coronary artery reduces or cuts off the
blood supply to an area of the heart
• a blood clot is the most common cause
of a blocked coronary artery
More Causes
• uncommonly, a heart attack results
when a clot forms in the heart
itself, breaks away, and lodges in a
coronary artery
Complications
• A person who has a heart attack
may experience any of the
following complications:
Myocardial Rupture, Scar
Tissue, Ventricular Aneurysm,
Blood Clots, and Heart Failure.
Rehabilitation
• Cardiac rehabilitation, an important
part of recovery, begins at the
hospital.
• Barring complications, people who
have had a heart attack can usually
progress to sitting in a chair, passive
exercise, use of a commode chair, and
reading on the first day.
More Rehabilitation
• By the second or third day,
people are encouraged to walk
to the bathroom and engage in
nonstressful activities, and they
can perform more activities
each day.
Getting Back on Track
• Most people can return to work and the
activities they enjoy within a few
months of having a heart attack.
• For the first few days after your heart
attack, you may need to rest and let
your heart heal.
• You may do stretching exercises and
get up and walk.
•
•
•
•
Risk Factors for
Another Heart Attack
not exercising
being overweight
high cholesterol level
high blood sugar level if you have
diabetes
• high blood pressure
• smoking
• too much stress in your life
References
• http://www.clevelandclinic.org/hear
tcenter/pub/guide/disease/cad/mi
_symptoms.htm
• http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print
/sec03/ch033/ch033c.html
• http://www.familydoctor.org.xml
Coronary Bypass Surgery
By Sara Lilly
What is coronary artery
bypass surgery?

type of heart surgery

reroutes, ”bypasses” blood around
clogged arteries

improves blood flow and oxygen flow
to the heart
Why is bypass needed?

Coronary arteries (the arteries that
carry blood to the heart) can become
clogged
 clogging is caused by plaque (fat,
cholesterol, and other substances)
 buildup hinders blood flow through
vessels
 lack of blood flow can cause chest
pain and or a heart attack
How is coronary bypass done?
segment of healthy blood vessel is
taken from leg to reroute blood
through heart
 one end of the vein is sewn onto the
aorta and the other is grafted below
the blockage on the coronary artery
 patients can undergo one, two, three
or more bypasses depending on the
extent of the damage

Portion of
saphenous vein
is used to bypass
blood through
the heart.
After surgery…
Patients’ blood pressures and heart
activity are monitored for three to five
days
 Patients are given pain killers to keep
them comfortable
 Tests are done to evaluate patient’s
condition
 A healthy diet and exercise plan are
recommended

Side Effects
loss of appetite
 constipation
 swelling
 fatigue
 depression
 difficulty sleeping
 muscle pain or tightness

Alternatives to Bypass
Medications
 Stent

o

a wire mesh tube used to prop open an
artery
Angioplasty
o
a tiny balloon is inserted into the
blocked blood vessel and inflated to
widen the opening
Facts
Woman have a higher mortality rate than
men with coronary bypass surgery
 About 7 million Americans suffer from
Coronary Heart Disease.
 Heart Disease is the number one killer of
men and women in the U.S. each year
 500,000 Americans die of heart attacks
caused by CHD (Coronary Heart Disease).






normal heart
blockage occurs
heart becomes
deprived of blood
saphenous vein used
to bypass blockage
vein graft restores
normal blood flow to
heart
Works Cited

http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jh
tml?identifier=4484

adam.about.com/ surgery/100190.htm

www.americanheart.org

Google images
Congestive heart failure (CHF),
is a condition in which the heart can't pump
enough blood to the body's other organs.
•Narrowed arteries that supply blood to
the heart muscle — coronary artery
disease.
•Past heart attack, with scar tissue that
interferes with the heart muscle's
normal work.
•High blood pressure.
•*&* many more…
•Frequent bathroom usage.
•Tired and weak.
•Weight gain from excess fluid.
•Chest pain.
•Swollen feet, legs, and/or ankles.
•Loss of appetite.
•Swollen neck veins.
•Skin is cold and sweaty.
•Pulse is irregular.
Most doctors can make a tentative
diagnosis of CHF from the presence of
edema(accumulation of fluid) and
shortness of breath.
•Crackling sounds of fluid in the lungs can
be heard with a stethoscope.
•A chest x-ray can show if your heart is
enlarged.
•If you smoke, quit.
•Learn to control high blood pressure,
cholesterol levels, and diabetes.
•Eat a sensible diet that is low in calories,
saturated fat, and salt.
•Limit how much alcohol you drink.
•Weigh yourself daily to watch for fluid
buildup.
•Vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin,
which open up narrowed vessels.
•Calcium channel blockers, which keep
vessels open and lower blood pressure.
•ACE inhibitors, which keep vessels
open and lower blood pressure.
•Heart valve repair or replacement
•Pacemaker insertion
•Correction of congenital heart defects
•Coronary artery bypass surgery
•Mechanical assist devices
•Heart transplant
•The heart weakens and can lead to
death.
•http://www.americanheart.org
•http://www.texasheartinstitute.org
•http://www.mayoclinic.com
•http://en.wikipedia.org
Diabetes is when your pancreas does not
produce enough insulin for your body. It is
a leading factor in developing heart
disease.
♥ Increased thirst
♥ Extreme hunger
♥ Rapid weight loss
♥ Blurred Vision
♥ Fatigue
♥ Genetics
♥ Not eating right
♥ Exposure to certain viruses
♥
Family History
♥
Race
* Random blood sugar tests
* Fasting blood glucose tests
Low Blood Sugar
*&*
Increased Blood
Acids
* Cardiovascular disease
* Nerve damage
* Kidney damage
* Eye damage
* Skin conditions
Blood Sugar Monitoring
Eating Right
Exercising
Medications
Pancreas Transplants
Islet Cell Transplants
Make a commitment to manage
your diabetes
Yearly Physical
Have needed vaccinations
Take care of your feet
Don’t smoke
Avoid alcohol
Take aspirin daily
Monitor your blood pressure
Monitor blood fats
Learn to manage stress
http://www.mayoclinic.com
http://www.uab.edu
http://www.diabetes.com
http://www.lifeclinic.com