Download Atoms to Minerals

MATTER AND CHANGE
GeoFacts
•Only atmospheres that contain oxygen and
water cause iron-bearing objects to rust.
Therefore, the equipment that has been left on
the Moon will never rust.
•Mars is red because of abundant iron oxide,
also known as rust, in the soil.
MATTER
 Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
 Mass is the measure of the amount of material in
an object.
 Volume is the amount of space taken up by an
object.
 Element – substance that cannot be broken
down into simpler substances
ELEMENTS
 Each element has a symbol as well as a name.
 Oxygen = O
 Carbon = C
 A few element’s symbols are based on their Latin
names.
 Gold = Au (aurum)
 Iron = Fe (ferrum)
 Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms
 Each atom consists of three subatomic particles:
Particle
Charge
Location
Protons
Positive
Nucleus
Neutrons
No charge
Nucleus
Electrons
Negative
Around nucleus
THE NUCLEUS
 In a normal state, atoms have an equal number
of protons and electrons.
 Positive charges in the nucleus are attracted to the
negative charges that surround the nucleus
 The number of protons and electrons determines
the element’s properties.
CLASSIFYING ATOMS
 There are 92 naturally occurring elements on
Earth
 Elements are ordered from left to right, in order
of increasing numbers of protons
 The vertical columns, called groups, comprise
elements that have similar chemical properties
Atomic number – number of protons
an element has
Atomic mass – how heavy an
element’s nucleus is; the number of
protons and neutrons added
together.
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Compounds – two or more elements that are
chemically combined
 Covalent bonds – compounds that form when
electrons are shared
 Ionic bonds – compounds that form when
electrons are transferred or moved
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
 Compounds are represented by chemical
formulas. These formulas include the symbol for
each element followed by a subscript number.
 The subscript number represents the number of
atoms of that element
 CO2
 H2O
 C6H12O6
 CaCO3
STATES OF MATTER
 All matter on Earth and in the universe occurs in
the form of a solid, a liquid, a gas, or plasma.
 Solids – substances with densely packed
particles.
 Most solids form crystal structures
 Liquids – substances with particles that slide
past each other in fluid form.
 Gases – substances with particles that escape
the liquid when energy is added.
CHANGES OF STATE
 Evaporation – change from a liquid to a gas.
 Condensation – change from a gas to a liquid.
 Sublimation – change from a solid to a gas.