Download Physical Science

Physical Science
States of Matter
Kinetic & Potential Energy
Energy Transfer (radiation,
conduction & convection)
6th Grade GLCE’s
6th Grade Science Companion Document
P.EN.M.1
Kinetic and Potential Energy – Objects and substances
in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances may have
potential energy due to their relative positions in a system.
Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all forms of potential
energy.
P.EN.M.4
Energy Transfer – Different forms of energy can be
transferred from place to place by radiation, conduction, or
convection. When energy is transferred from one system to another,
the quantity of energy before the transfer is equal to the quantity of
energy after the transfer.
P.CM.M.1
Changes in State – Matter changing from state to state
can be explained by using models, which show that matter is
composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes of state occur,
the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in structure. When the
changes in state occur, mass is conserved because matter is not
created or destroyed.
P.EN.M.1

Kinetic and Potential
Energy
Objects and substances in motion have
kinetic energy. Objects and substances may
have potential energy due to their relative
positions in a system. Gravitational, elastic,
and chemical energy are all forms of
potential energy.
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P.EN.06.11 Identify kinetic or potential energy in everyday
situations (for example: stretched rubber band, objects in
motion, ball on a hill, food energy).
P.EN.06.12 Demonstrate the transformation between
potential and kinetic energy in simple mechanical systems
(for example: roller coasters, pendulums).
P.EN.M.4 Energy Transfer

Different forms of energy can be transferred
from place to place by radiation, conduction,
or convection. When energy is transferred
from one system to another, the quantity of
energy before the transfer is equal to the
quantity of energy after the transfer.
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P.EN.06.41 Explain how different forms of energy can be
transferred from one place to another by radiation,
conduction, or convection.
P.EN.06.42 Illustrate how energy can be transferred while
no energy is lost or gained in the transfer.
P.CM.M.1 Changes in State

Matter changing from state to state can be explained
by using models, which show that matter is
composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes
of state occur, the atoms and/or molecules are not
changed in structure. When the changes in state
occur, mass is conserved because matter is not
created or destroyed.


P.CM.06.11
Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms of
arrangement and relative motion of the atoms or molecules.

P.CM.06.12
Explain how mass is conserved as a substance
changes from state to state in a closed system.
Critically Important/State
Assessable Vocabulary
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energy transfer
heat transfer
states of matter
conduction
convection
radiation
kinetic energy
potential energy
atoms
molecules
mass
closed system
transformation
Atoms & Molecules

Atom – Basic unit of matter consisting of a nucleus
containing protons and neutrons surrounded by circling
electrons.

Molecules – Atoms combine to make molecules.

Element – Found on the Periodic Table. Combinations of
elements are the building blocks of all matter.

Compounds - Substances made up of two or more atoms
chemically bonded together. A formula can be written.
Periodic Table
Basics
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_intro.h
tml
http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/
Changes in State (of Matter)

There are 3 major states of matter, they
are…
Solids
 Liquids
 Gasses

In all three states of matter, molecules are
in constant motion.
Solids

In a solid, relatively strong forces are
exerted between the molecules, so the
molecules of the material vibrate
slowly.
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Solids, therefore, have a definite shape
and volume.
Phases of matter - solids

Definite shape

Definite volume

Rigid 3-D structure

Atoms/molecules
bonded in place
Liquids
When heat energy is added, the
molecules vibrate faster as they absorb
the energy.
 At the melting temperature of the
material, the molecules have gained
enough energy, so that they can slip
and slide past each other.
 The material is now a liquid.

Phases of matter - liquids

Definite volume

Indefinite shape
Gasses
Liquids still have a definite volume, but
take the shape of their container.
 When more heat energy is added, the
motion of the molecules within the
liquid increases, until some of the
molecules overcome the forces,
becoming a gas.
 The liquid has now evaporated to a gas.
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Phases of matter - gases
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Indefinite volume and shape
Molecules mostly not in contact
Allowed motions
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Vibration and rotation (molecules with more than one
atom)
Translation on random, mostly free paths
The reverse is also true
Gas molecules are separated by
relatively great distances and move
about freely.
 Gases take the shape and volume of
their container.
 Conversely, when enough energy is
lost from gas molecules, they
condense into the liquid phase.
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Activity
Arrange students from class as atoms in a
gas, then atoms in a liquid and finally
atoms in a solid.
Discuss the properties of each phase of
matter.
And yet another phase of matter…
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Plasma is another phase of matter that is
sometimes recognized by scientists.
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It is a state above the gas phase.
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Click the link to see another explanation of the
states of matter.
 http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html
Condensation
Freezing
Contract
more heat energy
less heat energy
+E
-E
States of Matter
warmer
Plasma
colder
Gas
Liquid
Solid
(water vapor)
(water)
(ice)
No definite shape
No definite shape
Definite shape
No definite volume
Definite volume
Definite volume
Evaporation
Melting
Expand
BEC
Heat/Energy
Transfer
United Streaming Video
Temperature
A measure of the internal energy
of an object, or how fast the
molecules in a substance are
moving.
Measured in degrees, using a
thermometer.
Example: A flame is hotter than a
radiator.
Heat
Movement of energy from 1 place
to another. Flows from hot to cold
only.
Depends on the number of
molecules in a substance.
Measured in calories/Calories
*calorie – amount of energy
required to raise 1g of water
1degree Celsius.
*Calorie – amount of energy
required to raise 1Kg of water 1
degree Celsius.
Example: a radiator can heat a
room more easily than a candle
because it contains more
molecules.
Heat Transfer
Three mechanisms for heat transfer due to a
temperature difference.
1.
2.
3.
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Natural flow is always from higher temperature
regions to cooler ones.
3 Methods of Energy Transfer
We could pop popcorn by
using each of the
transfer methods.
(1) Pop popcorn in a pan
on the stove –
conduction
(2) Pop popcorn in a hot air
popcorn popper –
convection
(3) Pop popcorn in the
microwave –
radiation.
Three Methods of
Heat/Energy Transfer
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Heat always goes from hot to cold.
Heat is movement of energy from a warmer
object to a cooler object.
Conduction
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What happens as a spoon
heats up in a pot of soup?
The heat is transported from
the hot soup and the pot to the
particles in the spoon.
The particles near the bottom
of the spoon vibrates faster as
they are heated, so they bump
into other particles as they
travel through the handle of
the spoon and pot.
Soon the handle will be too hot
to hold!
Usually associated with solids.
Conductors vs Insulators
Conductor – Transfers energy easily.
(example – metals)
Insulator – Does NOT transfer energy easily.
(example – plastics, paper, glass)
These terms are opposites.
Convection
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Conduction heats up the spoon, but how does the
soup inside the pot heat up? Heat transfer involving
the movement of fluids- liquids and gases- it is
called convection.
During convection, heat particles of fluids begin to
flow transferring heat energy from one part of the
fluid to another.
Convection and Density
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The warmer particles are
moving faster, they
spread out more.
So they are less dense
and rise.
After giving their energy
to the cooler fluid at the
top, they are now cooler
and more dense. More
dense fluids sink.
Convection Currents Diagram
Convection Currents
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The heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in
the fluid’s density, and the force of gravity
combine to place the currents in motion.
Convection currents continue as long as heat is
added. Without heat the currents will stop
when all of the material has reached the same
temperature. However, heat from the Earth’s
mantle and core causes the currents to form in
the asthenosphere.
Specific Heat
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What heats up faster the land or the
ocean?
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Simulation
Radiation
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Heat transfer by radiation
takes place with no direct
contact between a heat
source of an object.
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Will transfer through the
vacuum of space. Matter is
not required.
Radiation
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Other familiar forms of
radiation include the heat
you feel around a flame or
open fire. Radiation also
enables sunlight to warm
Earth’s surface.
3 Types of Heat Transfer
Convection
Fluids
(liquids &
gasses)
Heat
transferred by
current – heat
rises /cool falls.
Conduction
Solids
Radiation
No
matter
required.
Heat
transferred from Heat
adjacent
transferred
objects.
through space.
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Kinetic & Potential Energy

Compare how a rubber ball, a ping-pong
ball and a clay ball bounce when dropped
from a high height.
How is all energy divided?
All Energy
Potential
Energy
Gravitation
Potential
Energy
Elastic
Potential
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Chemical
Potential
Energy
What is Potential Energy?
o
Energy that is stored
and waiting to be
used later
What is Gravitational Potential
Energy?
Don’t look down,
Rover!
Good boy!
o
Potential energy
due to an object’s
position
o
P.E. = mass x
height x gravity
What is Elastic Potential Energy?
o
Potential energy due compression or
expansion of an elastic object.
Notice the ball compressing
and expanding
What is Chemical Potential Energy?
o
Potential energy
stored within the
chemical bonds of
an object
What is Kinetic Energy?
o
o
Energy an object has due
to its motion
K.E. = .5(mass x speed2)