Download How to Use This Book: A Study Guide

i
World History
by Wayne E. King and Marcel Lewinski
PEARSON
AGS Globe
Shoreview, Minnesota
ii
About the Authors
Wayne E. King is currently the Academic Dean at the Baltimore School for the Arts. He
earned his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees from The Johns Hopkins
University. He has taught history and social studies at all educational levels. With
extensive experience as a curriculum writer, he has served as a consultant to schools,
museums, and federal agencies. He has lectured at numerous national and international
conferences on the teaching of history and cultural studies.
Marcel Lewinski is an Assistant Adjunct Professor of History Education at Illinois State
University. Previously, he was an award-winning high school social studies teacher. He
taught a wide range of subjects including geography, world history, economics, political
science, sociology, and contemporary problems. Lewinski is professionally active in many
organizations and has given presentations at many state, regional, and national
conferences. He has conducted numerous workshops for social studies teachers and has
traveled all over the world. As author of several textbooks in the social studies, Mr.
Lewinski acts as a consultant to school systems and has often contributed to educational
publications.
Reading Consultant
Timothy Shanahan, Ph.D., Professor of Urban Education, Director of the Center for Literacy,
University of Illinois at Chicago; Author, AMP Reading System
Reviewers
The publisher wishes to thank the following educators for their helpful comments during the
review process for World History. Their assistance has been invaluable.
Lois Barnes (Content Reviewer), Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction,
Woodford County Board of Education, Versailles, KY; Phyllis Berman,
Supervisor/Coordinator, Scott School Assistant Center, Toledo Public Schools, Toledo,
OH; Elizabeth Burley, Itinerant Resource Teacher, Ager Road Center, Hyattsville, MD;
Anita Dearing, Resource Teacher, Oak Ridge High School, Oak Ridge, TN; Tom
Ferrara, Teacher/Education Coordinator, South Bend Juvenile Correctional Facility,
South Bend, IN; Debora Hartzell, Lead Teacher for Special Education, Lakeside High
School, Atlanta, GA; Patricia Henry, Instructional Specialist, Special Education
Programs, Montgomery County Public Schools, Rockville, MD; Anne Hoffman, Teacher,
Santana High School, Santana, CA; Lenore Heino Hoyt, Social Studies Teacher,
Centennial High School, Circle Pines, MN; Larry Manchester, Lead Resource Teacher,
St. Andrews School, St. Paul, MN; Russell F. Maruna, Supervisor of Social Studies,
Cleveland Municipal School District, Cleveland, OH; Debby Persky, Teacher, City of
Angels, Los Angeles, CA; Alice Richardson, Special Education Teacher, Central High
School, Detroit, MI; Carolyn Scott, Special Education Coordinator, Terrebonne Parish
Schools, Houma, LA; Craig Viscardi, Special Education Teacher, Pasadena High School,
Pasadena, TX; J. B. Whitten, Exceptional Student Education Teacher, Lennard High
School, Ruskin, FL
Acknowledgments appear on pages 858–860, which constitutes an extension of this copyright
page.
Copyright © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson AGS Globe,
Shoreview, Minnesota 55126. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or
transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and
Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
Pearson AGS Globe™ is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or in other countries, of Pearson
Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s).
ISBN-13: 978-0-7854-6405-1
ISBN-10: 0-7854-6405-0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10 09 08 07
PEARSON
AGS Globe
1-800-992-0244
www.agsglobe.com
iii
Contents
 How to Use This Book: A Study Guide
 Skills Handbook
xxii
xxx
 Unit 1: Early Civilizations: Prehistory - A.D. 1570
xxxvi
 Chapter 1 Prehistory: The Time Before Written Records 2
 Lesson 1 The Meaning of History 5
 Lesson 2 Why We Study History 7
 Lesson 3 The Way Historians Work 9
 Lesson 4 Prehistory 13
 Chapter Summary 21
 Chapter Review 22
 Chapter 2 The Ancient Middle East: 5000 B.C. - 600 B.C. 24
 Lesson 1 The Sumerians 27
 Lesson 2 The Akkadians and the Babylonians 31
 Lesson 3 The Phoenicians and the Hebrews 35
 Chapter Summary 41
 Chapter Review 42
 Chapter 3 Middle Eastern Empires: 800 B.C. - 330 B.C. 44
 Lesson 1 The Assyrians 47
 Lesson 2 The Chaldeans 51
 Lesson 3 The Persians 55
 Chapter Summary 61
 Chapter Review 62
 Chapter 4 Egypt—The Gift of the Nile: 3100 B.C. - 30 B.C. 64
 Lesson 1 The Nile River 67
 Lesson 2 The Old Kingdom 69
 Lesson 3 The Middle Kingdom 74
 Lesson 4 The New Kingdom 76
 Lesson 5 Gifts from the Egyptians 80
 Chapter Summary 85
 Chapter Review 86
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 Chapter 5 Ancient India and China: 6000 B.C. - 206 B.C. 88
 Lesson 1 Ancient India 91
 Lesson 2 The History of Ancient India 94
 Lesson 3 Hinduism 97
 Lesson 4 Buddhism 100
 Lesson 5 Ancient China 103
 Lesson 6 The History of Ancient China 106
 Chapter Summary 113
 Chapter Review 114
 Chapter 6 Ancient Greece: 2000 B.C. - 323 B.C. 116
 Lesson 1 Early Civilizations of the Aegean Sea 119
 Lesson 2 The Greek City-States 122
 Lesson 3 Athens 124
 Lesson 4 Sparta 126
 Lesson 5 War Tests the Greeks 128
 Lesson 6 Greek Cultural Contributions 132
 Lesson 7 Alexander the Great Spreads Greek Culture 137
 Chapter Summary 143
 Chapter Review 144
 Chapter 7 The Roman Republic: 753 B.C. - 27 B.C. 146
 Lesson 1 Early Rome 149
 Lesson 2 Rome Becomes a Republic 151
 Lesson 3 Rome Expands Its Boundaries 154
 Lesson 4 The Republic Faces Problems 157
 Lesson 5 The End of the Republic 160
 Chapter Summary 165
 Chapter Review 166
 Chapter 8 The Roman Empire: 27 B.C. - A.D. 476 168
 Lesson 1 The Age of Augustus 171
 Lesson 2 Governing the Roman Empire 174
 Lesson 3 The Rise of Christianity 177
 Lesson 4 The Fall of the Roman Empire 181
 Lesson 5 Rome’s Contributions to Civilization 183
 Chapter Summary 189
 Chapter Review 190
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 Chapter 9 Civilizations of the Americas: Prehistory - A.D. 1570 192
 Lesson 1 In Search of the First Americans 195
 Lesson 2 Early Southwestern Cultures 198
 Lesson 3 Early Regional Cultures 202
 Lesson 4 Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica 208
 Chapter Summary 217
 Chapter Review 218
 Unit 1 Summary
457
 Unit 2: Regional Civilizations: 320 to 1630 222
 Chapter 10 The High and Late Middle Ages: 1050 – 1500 224
 Lesson 1 The Church During the Middle Ages 227
 Lesson 2 Feudalism 232
 Lesson 3 The Manor 235
 Lesson 4 Culture in the Middle Ages 239
 Chapter Summary 245
 Chapter Review 246
 Chapter 11 The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe: 500 – 1547 248
 Lesson 1 The Byzantine Empire 251
 Lesson 2 The Russians 255
 Lesson 3 Europe During the Middle Ages 260
 Chapter Summary 267
 Chapter Review 268
 Chapter 12 Africa and the Spread of Islam: 570 – 1596 270
 Lesson 1 The Rise of Islam 273
 Lesson 2 Islamic Civilization 277
 Lesson 3 African Kingdoms 282
 Chapter Summary 291
 Chapter Review 292
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 Chapter 13 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia: 320 – 1630 294
 Lesson 1 India 297
 Lesson 2 China 301
 Lesson 3 The Mongols Conquer China 305
 Lesson 4 Japan 307
 Lesson 5 Japan Develops Its Own Culture 310
 Lesson 6 The Tokugawa Unify Japan 315
 Chapter Summary 319
 Chapter Review 320
 Unit 2 Summary
323
 Unit 3: Early Modern Times: 1348 – 1800 324
 Chapter 14 The Renaissance: 1348 – 1600 326
 Lesson 1 The Troubled 14th Century 329
 Lesson 2 The Spirit of the Renaissance 331
 Lesson 3 The Renaissance Begins in Italy 334
 Lesson 4 Renaissance Literature 338
 Lesson 5 Great Renaissance Artists 341
 Chapter Summary 347
 Chapter Review 348
 Chapter 15 The Reformation: 1415 – 1650 350
 Lesson 1 People Challenge the Church’s Authority 353
 Lesson 2 Martin Luther Leads the Reformation 355
 Lesson 3 Luther Starts His Own Church 358
 Lesson 4 Protestant Ideas Spread to England 360
 Lesson 5 John Calvin Organizes a New Religion 363
 Lesson 6 The Catholic Reformation 366
 Chapter Summary 371
 Chapter Review 372
 Chapter 16 The New Science: 1540 – 1750 374
 Lesson 1 The Development of Modern Science 377
 Lesson 2 Copernicus 379
 Lesson 3 Galileo 382
 Lesson 4 Isaac Newton 385
 Lesson 5 Other Early Scientists 387
 Chapter Summary 393
 Chapter Review 394
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 Chapter 17 Beginnings of Our Global Age: 1450 – 1650 396
 Lesson 1 Europeans Search for New Trade Routes 399
 Lesson 2 Exploring New Lands 401
 Lesson 3 The Spanish Conquer Two Empires in America 406
 Lesson 4 Spain Establishes Colonies in America 410
 Lesson 5 The Growth of the Slave Trade 413
 Lesson 6 The Results of Exploring and Establishing Colonies 416
 Chapter Summary 423
 Chapter Review 424
 Chapter 18 The Age of Kings: 1519 – 1800 426
 Lesson 1 The Rise of Nations 429
 Lesson 2 The Rise and Fall of Spain 432
 Lesson 3 English Monarchs Struggle for Power 437
 Lesson 4 England Rejects Absolute Monarchy 439
 Lesson 5 Absolute Monarchy in France 444
 Lesson 6 Russia and Prussia Produce Strong Monarchs 448
 Chapter Summary 453
 Chapter Review 454
 Unit 3 Summary
457
 Unit 4: Enlightenment and Revolution: 1687 – 1850 458
 Chapter 19 The Age of Reason: 1687 – 1789 460
 Lesson 1 In Search of Natural Laws 463
 Lesson 2 New Theories on Government 465
 Lesson 3 The Influence of Enlightened Thinkers 469
 Lesson 4 Enlightenment Ideas Influence Artists 474
 Chapter Summary 479
 Chapter Review 480
 Chapter 20 Revolutions and Napoleon: 1775 – 1815 482
 Lesson 1 Revolution in the American Colonies 485
 Lesson 2 The American Revolutionary War 488
 Lesson 3 The French Revolution 493
 Lesson 4 Revolutionary Reforms and Terror in France 496
 Lesson 5 Napoleon and the French Empire 500
 Chapter Summary 509
 Chapter Review 510
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 Chapter 21 The Industrial Revolution Begins: 1750 – 1885 512
 Lesson 1 The Industrial Revolution Begins in England 515
 Lesson 2 The Growth of the First Modern Industries 519
 Lesson 3 Transportation Improves 524
 Lesson 4 Industry Brings Change and Problems 529
 Chapter Summary 537
 Chapter Review 538
 Chapter 22 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America: 1814 – 1850 540
 Lesson 1 Congress of Vienna Meets 543
 Lesson 2 Nationalism Becomes Powerful 546
 Lesson 3 Wars for Independence in Latin America 548
 Lesson 4 New Revolution and Reform in Europe 553
 Lesson 5 The Year of Revolutions—1848 557
 Chapter Summary 565
 Chapter Review 566
 Unit 4 Summary
569
 Unit 5: A New Global Age: 1840 – 1914 570
 Chapter 23 Nationalism: 1840 – 1914 572
 Lesson 1 Nationalism 575
 Lesson 2 Growing Nationalism in Italy 577
 Lesson 3 The Unification of Germany 580
 Chapter Summary 587
 Chapter Review 588
 Chapter 24 Imperialism: 1840 – 1914 590
 Lesson 1 Imperialism 593
 Lesson 2 The Effect of Imperialism on Asia 596
 Lesson 3 The Effect of Imperialism on Africa 600
 Chapter Summary 605
 Chapter Review 606
 Unit 5 Summary
609
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 Unit 6: World Wars and Revolutions: 1905 – 1945 610
 Chapter 25 World War I and the Russian Revolution: 1905 – 1919 612
 Lesson 1 The Causes of the War 615
 Lesson 2 The War Years: 1914 – 1918 617
 Lesson 3 Making Peace 623
 Lesson 4 World War I Changed the World 627
 Lesson 5 Life in Czarist Russia 629
 Lesson 6 Russia Moves Toward Revolution 632
 Chapter Summary 637
 Chapter Review 638
 Chapter 26 Nationalism, Revolution, and Totalitarianism Around the World: 1911 – 1939
640
 Lesson 1 Russia Becomes the Soviet Union 643
 Lesson 2 The Soviet Union Under Stalin 647
 Lesson 3 The Fascists Gain Power in Italy 651
 Lesson 4 Nazis Gain Power in Germany 654
 Lesson 5 The Chinese Begin to Build a Modern Nation 656
 Lesson 6 Military Leaders Take Over in Japan 659
 Chapter Summary 663
 Chapter Review 664
 Chapter 27 World War II and its Aftermath: 1939 – 1945 666
 Lesson 1 The Causes of World War II 669
 Lesson 2 Fascism Threatens Other Countries 672
 Lesson 3 Axis Successes in Europe and Asia 675
 Lesson 4 The Tide Turns in Favor of the Allies 680
 Lesson 5 The Holocaust 685
 Lesson 6 The Results of World War II 688
 Lesson 7 The United Nations 692
 Chapter Summary 697
 Chapter Review 698
 Unit 6 Summary
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701
 Unit 7: The World Since 1945: 1945 – Present 702
 Chapter 28 The Cold War: 1945 – 1991 704
 Lesson 1 The Cold War Begins 707
 Lesson 2 Conflicts Between Superpowers 709
 Lesson 3 Reforming the Soviet Union 713
 Lesson 4 Europe Experiences Great Change 717
 Chapter Summary 725
 Chapter Review 726
 Chapter 29 New Nations Emerge: 1946 – 1999 728
 Lesson 1 Many African Colonies Become Nations 731
 Lesson 2 Israel Becomes a Nation 737
 Lesson 3 India Gains Its Independence 742
 Lesson 4 The Struggle to Control China 745
 Lesson 5 Vietnamese Wars for Independence 748
 Chapter Summary 753
 Chapter Review 754
 Chapter 30 The Developing World: 1950 - Present 756
 Lesson 1 African Nations Face Many Challenges 759
 Lesson 2 The Middle East Remains in Conflict 762
 Lesson 3 Asian Countries Face Economic Challenges 768
 Lesson 4 Latin America Struggles to Overcome Problems 772
 Chapter Summary 779
 Chapter Review 780
 Chapter 31 The World Today: 1990 - Present 782
 Lesson 1 Energy and Technology Create a Global Village 785
 Lesson 2 Global Trade and Economic Development 793
 Lesson 3 Social and Environmental Challenges 797
 Lesson 4 The Threat of Global Terrorism 803
 Lesson 5 Looking to the Future 806
 Chapter Summary 811
 Chapter Review 812
 Unit 7 Summary
815
xi
 Glossary
 Index
826
842
 Acknowledgments
858
xii
Biography
 Louis and Mary Leakey 11
 Solomon 37
 Zoroaster 57
 Hatshepsut 76
 Confucius 109
 Herodotus 131
 Cleopatra 161
 Claudius Ptolemy 172
 Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui 212
 Saladin 231
 Olga 257
 Sonni Ali 287
 Taizong 302
 Niccolò Machiavelli 333
 Jacob Amman 368
 Margaret Cavendish 390
 Amerigo Vespucci 418
 Cardinal Richelieu 447
 Maria Theresa 472
 Abigail Adams 487
 Adam Smith 517
 Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 550
 Marie Curie 584
 Leopold II 602
 Grigori Rasputin 631
 Anne Frank 685
 Jomo Kenyatta 734
 Aung San Suu Kyi 770
 Stephen Hawking 792
xiii
History in Your Life
 What Can You Learn From Bones? 10
 The Story of Gilgamesh 29
 Farming Along the Nile 75
 The Huang He, Sweet and Sour 105
 A Gift From the Muses 133
 Math—and Music, Too 140
 The Buried City of Pompeii 173
 What Year Is It? 156
 Visiting Anasazi Treasures 201
 Learning the Latin Language 242
 The Kremlin 259
 African Metalworking 284
 Gunpowder 304
 The Bubonic Plague 330
 Disks for the Eyes 357
 The Original Mother Goose 386
 Pass the Pepper, Please 403
 Sailing Ships 436
 Fake Science and Miracle Cures 464
 A Song for the Revolution 501
 Child Labor Laws 530
 Romanticism 547
 The World’s Largest Country 646
 Hitler and Lebensraum 687
 The Jet Age 722
 “Made in Asia?? 746
 Baseball Around the World 776
 What Will a Dollar Buy? 796
xiv
Communication in History
 Humans Learn to Say “Hello?? 14
 The Rosetta Stone 73
 Our Legacy from Latin 162
 Borrowed Words 281
 A Romantic Novel from Japan 314
 Newspapers Are Born 340
 The Incan Empire 409
 Telegraph Provides Instant Communication 532
 Reading with Fingertips 561
 The Wireless Telegraph 578
 Breaking the Enemy’s Code 676
 Your Phone Is Ringing 786
Technology Connection
 Early Earthquake Detection 107
 The Byzantine Dromon 264
 The Men Who Made Temperatures 381
 Mark Seguin and his Suspension Bridge 518
 The Wireless Telegraph 578
 German U-boats 620
xv
Then and Now
 A Human’s Best Friend 8
 “An Eye for an Eye?? 33
 Reading Signs in the Stars 53
 The First Solar Calendar 82
 Buddhism, Yesterday and Today 102
 The Olympic Games 136
 Echoes of Roman Rule 153
 Roman Technology 185
 How About a Game of Basketball? 214
 Chess, the Game of Kings 238
 I Didn’t Know There Was a God Named Tuesday 261
 William Shakespeare 339
 Origins of the Lutheran and Presbyterian Churches 356
 The Scientific Method 378
 Navigating at Sea 405
 Modern Monarchs 431
 An Enlightened Government 468
 Independence Day 492
 Railroads 528
 Photography 556
 Vatican City 579
 The Color Khaki 595
 The World War I “Doughboy?? 621
 The Russian Orthodox Church 633
 Dictators 650
 The Nuclear Age 684
 The Mariinsky Theatre 709
 Jerusalem 741
 The “Tourist Capital of Peru?? 774
 “Space: the Final Frontier?? 788
xvi
Writing About History
 Writing a Help Wanted Ad 11
 Writing a Code of Laws 38
 Writing a Newspaper Article 53
 Writing a Personal Letter 78
 Writing an Essay 92
 Writing a Personal Letter 127
 Writing a Speech 153
 Writing a Poem 174
 Descriptive Writing 196
 Descriptive Writing 238
 Writing a News Report 263
 Research and Label a Drawing 279
 Writing a Haiku or Tanka Poem 310
 Writing a List 332
 Interpretive Writing 359
 Writing About a Scientific Experiment 382
 Writing a Conversation 406
 Writing a Speech 449
 Writing a Comparison 471
 Writing an Epitaph 505
 Writing a Research Report 531
 Writing an Essay 545
 Writing an Opinion 578
 Writing a Speech 601
 Writing a Personal Letter 619
 Writing a Biography 645
 Writing a News Story 652
 Writing a List 670
 Writing a List 694
 Writing an Editorial 720
 Writing a National Anthem 748
 Writing About Your Time Period 801
xvii
Document-Based Reading
 In the Beginning 19
 Hammurabi’s Code 39
 A Few Words from the “Great King?? 59
 Opening King Tut’s Tomb 83
 The Bhagavad Gita 111
 Pericles Praises Athens 141
 How to Get Elected in Rome 163
 The Battle of Adrianople 187
 “Inca Knighthood?? 215
 A Crusader’s Letter 243
 Life Among the Germans 265
 The Qur’an 289
 Marco Polo in China 317
 The Making of a Renaissance Gentleman 345
 John Calvin’s Strict Code of Conduct 369
 True Directions Concerning the Interpretation of Nature 391
 The Capture and Death of Moctezuma 421
 The English Bill of Rights 451
 What Is the Enlightenment? 477
 Declaration of the Rights of Man 507
 A Manchester Housewife’s Weekly Budget in 1833 535
 The Communist Manifesto 563
 “A Lady’s Glimpse of the Late War in Bohemia?? 585
 “That Was No Brother?? 603
 The Next War 635
 A Report from Mao Zedong 661
 The United Nations Charter 695
 The Fall of the Berlin Wall 723
 Nelson Mandela Inauguration Speech 751
 Nobel Lecture by Muhammad Yunus 777
 Al Gore Speaks on the Environment 809
xviii
Spotlight Stories
 The Search for the Truth 20
 Technology Moves Ahead 40
 The Babylonian Captivity 60
 Burying the Dead 84
 Family Ties 112
 Greek Mythology 142
 Life in Rome 164
 Women in Greek and Roman History 188
 Lady of the Lines 216
 Unlucky King John and the Magna Carta 244
 How Russians Became Christians 266
 Farming in Africa and Oceania 290
 The Taj Mahal 318
 The Hundred Years’ War 346
 The Harsh Life of German Peasants 370
 The Importance of the Clock 392
 Diseases in History 422
 Playing the Fool 452
 In Defense of Women’s Rights 478
 Another Kind of Hero 508
 Hard Times and Charles Dickens 536
 Dressing for Success 564
 Bismarck’s Kulturkamp 586
 “Dr. Livingstone, I Presume??? 604
 Death at Sarajevo 636
 Marx Was Wrong 662
 The Dauchau Concentration Camp 696
 Fall of an Empire 724
 The Spinning Wheel and Salt-Weapons of the Indian Revolution 752
 Themes in History 778
 Some Ideas for Alternative Energy 810
xix
Map Skills
 Skeleton Finds 3
 Ancient Mesopotamia 25
 The Middle East and Surrounding Areas 45
 Ancient Egypt (c. 3000–2000 B.C.) 65
 Geography of China and India 89
 Ancient Greece 117
 Italy 147
 The Mediterranean Region 169
 Early American Empires 193
 The Crusades 225
 Charlemagne’s Empire 249
 Where Muslims Live 271
 Three Asian Giants-China, India, and Japan 295
 Renaissance Europe 327
 Reformation Europe (1550) 351
 Early Scientists (1540–1720) 375
 Toscanelli’s Map (1474) 397
 Spain 427
 Notable People (1687–1789) 461
 France 483
 The British Isles 513
 South America 541
 Unification of Italy (1858–1870) 573
 Imperialism 591
 Europe During World War I 613
 The Development of the Soviet Union 641
 Aggression in Europe and Asia (1930–1940) 667
 Europe Divided 705
 Africa 729
 The Middle East 757
 World Hunger 783
xx
Map Studies
 Kingdoms of Mesopotamia 34
 Phoenicia and the Hebrew Kingdoms (c. 900 B.C.) 36
 The Assyrian Empire 48
 The Chaldean Empire 51
 The Persian Empire 56
 Wind Currents in Egypt 68
 Early River Valley Civilizations 92
 Ancient India 96
 Ancient China 110
 The Persian Wars 129
 Empire of Alexander the Great 138
 Peoples of Ancient Italy (550 B.C.) 150
 Carthage (265 B.C.) 155
 Roman Expansion to 100 B.C. 158
 Roman Empire (c. A.D. 235) 176
 The Spread of Christianity (c. A.D. 325–600) 179
 Byzantine Empire Under Justinian 253
 Early Russia (c. A.D. 1000) 256
 Viking Raiding, Trading, and Colonization Routes (793–1000) 262
 Spread of Islam (A.D. 632–750) 277
 Early Kingdoms of Africa 286
 The Mogul Empire (c. 1690) 299
 Japan (c. 1200–1600) 309
 Trade Routes from Asia to Italy 336
 Early European Explorers 402
xxi
Map Studies
 African Slave Trades 415
 European Colonies in the Americas 419
 Hapsburg Land (c. 1560) 434
 The English Civil War 440
 Major Battles of the Revolutionary War 490
 The Napoleonic Empire 504
 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 516
 Canals in New York (1840) 525
 Europe in 1815 544
 Independence in Latin America (1825) 551
 Unification of Germany (1865–1871) 583
 Europe Before World War I 626
 Europe After World War I 626
 Europe at the End of 1938 649
 World War II in Europe 677
 World War II in the Pacific (1941–1945) 682
 Europe After World War II 689
 Spheres of Influence in China to 1911 597
 Korean War (1950–1953) 711
 The European Union 721
 Independence in Africa 732
 Israel in 1967 739
 Southeast Asia 750
 Major World Economic Groups 795
xxii
How to Use This Book: A Study Guide
Welcome to the study of world history. You may be asking yourself, “Why do I need to know
about people, places, and events that happened a long time before I was even born???
When we study the past, we can have a better understanding of why some things happened
the way they did. We can learn from the mistakes and the successes of the past. It is
important that we know about our world and about the people who live in it. Everyone can
help make the world a better place to live.
This book is a story about the world. As you read the units, chapters and lessons of this book,
you will learn about some of the important people and events that shaped world history.
Before you start to read this book, it is important that you understand how to use it. It is also
important that you know how to be successful in this course. Information in this first
section can help you achieve these things.
How to Study
These tips can help you study more effectively:
 Plan a regular time to study.
 Choose a desk or table in a quiet place where you will not be distracted. Find a spot that has
good lighting.
 Gather all the books, pencils, paper, and other equipment you will need to complete your
assignments.
 Decide on a goal. For example: “I will finish reading and taking notes on Chapter 1, Lesson
1, by 8:00.??
 Take a five- to ten-minute break every hour to keep alert.
 If you start to feel sleepy, take a break and get some fresh air.
xxiii
Before Beginning Each Unit
 Read the unit title and study the photograph. Do you recognize anything in the photo?
 Read the quotation.
 Read the opening paragraphs. Read the titles of the chapters in the unit.
 Read the Chapter Summaries and Unit Summary to help you identify key ideas.
Before Beginning Each Chapter
 Read the chapter title and dates.
 Read the opening paragraphs.
 Study the Goals for Learning. The Chapter Review and tests will ask questions related to
these goals.
 Study the timeline. These help you see when key events occurred. The timeline covers the
years in the chapter title.
 Read the paragraph and bullets on the Reading Strategy page. The strategy will help you
become a better reader. Reading Strategy Notes in each lesson will help you apply the
strategy as you read
 Read the words and definitions in the Key Vocabulary Words box. The words in this list are
important vocabulary words in the chapter.
 Read the Chapter Summary to identify key issues.
 Look at the Chapter Review. The questions cover the most important information in the
chapter.
xxiv
Note These Features
You can find complete listings of these features in this textbook’s table of contents.
Biography
Highlights people who have played a part in the history of the world
History in Your Life
Relates history to the modern world
Writing About History
Provides history topics to write about in each chapter
Then and Now
Compares and contrasts something existing now to how it existed in the past
Technology Connection
Highlights inventions at the time that made life better or easier
Document-Based Reading
Presents primary- and secondary-source documents related to each chapter
Spotlight Story
Tells about an important part of history related to the content of the chapter
Skill Builder
Focuses on social studies skills
xxv
Before Beginning Each Lesson
Read the lesson title and restate it in the form of a question. For example, write: What is the
meaning of history?
Look over the entire lesson, noting the following:
 bold words
 text organization
 photos and illustrations
 maps
 graphs and charts
 Lesson Review questions
As You Read the Lesson
 Read the major headings.
 Read the subheads and paragraphs that follow.
 Study the maps, graphs, and charts.
 Before moving on to the next lesson, see if you understand the concepts you read. If you do
not, reread the lesson. If you are still unsure, ask for help.
 Practice what you have learned by completing the Lesson Reviews.
Using the Bold Words
Knowing the meaning of all the boxed words in the left column will help you understand what
you read.
These vocabulary words appear in bold type the first time they appear in the text and are
often defined in the paragraph.
History is the record of past events
All of the words in the left column are also defined in the Glossary.
History (his´ t?r e) The record of past events (p. 5)
xxvi
Word Study Tips
 Start a vocabulary file with index cards to use for review.
 Write one term on the front of each card. Write the chapter number, lesson number, and
definition on the back.
 You can use these cards as flash cards by yourself or with a study partner to test your
knowledge.
Taking Notes in Class
 Outline each lesson using the subheads as the main points.
 Always write the main ideas and supporting details.
 Keep your notes brief.
 Write down important information only.
 Use your own words.
 Do not be concerned about writing in complete sentences. Use phrases.
 Do not try to write everything the teacher says.
 Use the same method all the time. Then when you study for a test, you will know where to go
to find the information you need to review.
 Review your notes to fill in possible gaps as soon as you can after class.
xxvii
Using a Three-Column Chart
One good way to take notes is to use a three-column chart. Make your own three-column chart
by dividing a sheet of notebook paper into three parts. In Column 1, write the topic you are
reading about or studying. In Column 2, write what you learned about this topic as you
read or listened to your teacher. In Column 3, write questions, observations, or opinions
about the topic, or write a detail that will help you remember the topic. Here are some
examples of different ways to take notes using the three-column chart.
The topic I am studying
What I learned from reading
the text or class
discussion
Questions, observations, or
ideas I have about the
topic
Information resources
• two sources of information
• This book contains both primary and secondary information
• asks what, when, where,
who, why
• I wonder what primary sources are in this book
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Sentence with Vocabulary
Word
Primary source
A first-hand account of a
historical event
A primary source account of
an event is told by
someone who was there.
Topic
Facts
Page Number
the study of history
the past lives on in our culture p. 5
(values, attitudes,
customs)
different sources:
p. 6
primary: newspapers, diaries,
letters
secondary: books about
events in the past
history as family tree of
human race
xxviii
Using the Summaries
p. 7
 Read each Chapter Summary to be sure you understand the chapter’s main ideas.
 Review your notes and test yourself on vocabulary words and key ideas.
 Practice writing about some of the main events from the chapter.
 At the end of each unit, read the Unit Summary to be sure you understand the unit’s main
ideas.
Using the Reviews
 Answer the questions in the Lesson Reviews.
 In the Chapter Reviews, answer each fill-in-the-blank, multiple choice, short-answer
question.
 Review the Test-Taking Tips.
Preparing for Tests
 Complete the Lesson Reviews and Chapter Reviews. Make up similar questions to practice
what you have learned. You may want to do this with a classmate and share your questions.
 Review your answers to Lesson Reviews and Chapter Reviews.
 Reread the Chapter Summaries.
 Test yourself on vocabulary words and key ideas.
xxix
Reading Checklist
Good readers do not just read with their eyes. They read with their brains turned on. In other
words, they are active readers. Good readers use strategies as they read to keep them on
their toes. The following strategies will help you to check your understanding of what you
read. A strategy appears at the beginning of each chapter of this book.
 Summarizing To summarize a text, stop often as you read. Notice these things: the topic, the
main thing being said about the topic, important details that support the main idea. Try to
sum up the author’s message using your own words.
 Questioning Ask yourself questions about the text and read to answer them. Here are some
useful questions to ask: Why did the author include this information? Is this like anything I
have experienced? Am I learning what I hoped I would learn?
 Predicting As you read, think about what might come next. Add in what you already know
about the topic. Predict what the text will say. Then, as you read, notice whether your
prediction is right. If not, change your prediction.
 Text Structure Pay attention to how a text is organized. Find parts that stand out. They are
probably the most important ideas or facts. Think about why the author organized ideas this
way. Is the author showing a sequence of events? Is the author explaining a solution or the
effect of something?
 Visualizing Picture what is happening in a text or what is being described. Make a movie out
of it in your mind. If you can picture it clearly, then you know you understand it. Visualizing
what you read will also help you remember it later.
 Inferencing The meaning of a text may not be stated. Instead, the author may give clues and
hints. It is up to you to put them together with what you already know about the topic. Then
you make an inference—you conclude what the author means.
 Metacognition Think about your thinking patterns as you read. Before reading a text,
preview it. Think about what you can do to get the most out of it. Think about what you
already know about the topic. Write down any questions you have. After you read, ask
yourself: Did that make sense? If not, read it again.
xxx
Using Globes and Maps
A globe is a model of Earth. Looking at the globe, you can see that Earth is round. You can see
Earth’s features and surfaces. A globe is the best way to show Earth. However, how do you
show the round features of a globe on a flat page? You use a map.
You also can see that geographers divide Earth into halves or hemispheres. The equator
divides Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The equator is
an imaginary line that circles the middle of Earth.
The Hemispheres
The prime meridian and the international date line divide Earth into the Eastern Hemisphere
and the Western Hemisphere. The prime meridian is an imaginary line that circles Earth
from the North Pole to the South Pole. The international date line is on the side of Earth
you cannot see here. It is directly opposite the prime meridian.
Geographers measure distances from the equator and the prime meridian. These distances are
imaginary lines called latitude and longitude.
xxxi
SKILLS HANDBOOK
Cartographers, or mapmakers, have created different map projections. Some of these map
projections show the true size of a place, but distort, or change, the shape. Others show the
true shape, but distort the size. All maps show some kind of distortion. Therefore,
geographers must choose the best maps for their purposes.
A Mercator projection stretches the lines of latitude apart. It does not show the true size of
landmasses. A Mercator projection does show true shape, however.
Mercator Projection
Landmasses in a Robinson projection are not as distorted as in a Mercator projection.
However, there is some distortion in the size of the landmasses.
Robinson Projection
Critical Thinking
Why would a mapmaker choose to use a Robinson projection instead of a Mercator projection?
xxxii
Reading a Map
To understand geography, you need to know how to read maps. To read a map, you need to
understand its parts. The main parts of a map are a title, a key, a compass rose, and a scale.
Many of the maps you see are general purpose maps. These are political maps and
physical maps. A political map shows features that people determine, such as country
boundaries, cities, and capitals.
The Middle East: Political
xxxiii
A physical map shows how high a landmass is. It also shows natural features such as rivers
and oceans. Some of the maps you see show specific kinds of information. These maps are
called special purpose maps. There are many types of special purpose maps. For example,
a climate map is a special purpose map. It shows the typical weather in a place.
The Middle East: Physical
Critical Thinking
When would it be helpful to know specific information of a place, such as a political feature or
a physical feature?
xxxiv
Reading Graphs and Charts
Graphs and charts organize and present information in a visual way. There are different types
of graphs and charts.
A circle graph is sometimes called a pie graph. It is a good way to show the sizes of parts as
compared to a single whole. This single whole is represented as a circle. Each piece of the
circle represents a part of the whole.
World’s Top Energy Users
A bar graph is a good way to show information visually. Each bar represents a set of facts.
You can compare sets of facts by looking at the different sizes of the bars.
The Largest Countries in the World
xxxv
World Facts
Fact
Place
Location
Size
Highest Mountain
Mount Everest
Nepal and China
29,035 feet high
Longest River
Nile
North and East
Africa
4,160 miles long
Largest Island
Greenland
North Atlantic
840,000 square miles
Largest Body of
Water
Pacific Ocean
From west of North
and South
America to east
of Asia and
Australia
63,800,000 square
miles
A chart can also be called a table. Charts are organized into rows and columns. Charts can help
you to compare information.
A line graph shows the relationship between two sets of information. A point is placed at the
intersection of every fact. When all the points are on the graph, a line is drawn to connect
them. You can get a quick idea as to the trend, or direction, of information by looking at
the ups and downs of the line.
World Population Growth: Historical
Critical Thinking
If you were to organize information about your classmates into categories such as age and
gender, would you use a chart or a graph? Explain.