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312/1
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1
JULY/AUGUST 2016
BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONAL
IMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION - 2016
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
312/1
Paper 1
GEOGRAPHY
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
Answer all the questions in this section.
1.
The diagram below shows a weather instrument. Use it to answer the question below.
(a)
Identify the weather instrument shown above.
-
(1 mark)
Sun shine recorder/Campbell Stokes Sun Shine Recorder.
BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONAL EXAM @ 2016
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(b)
Describe how the instrument is used to measure the weather conditions of the
day.
(4 marks)
-
2.
(a)
What are hypabyssal rocks?
-
(b)
(a)
(b)
With aid of a diagram, describe how a basic lava dome is formed. (3 marks)
Crater
Vent
(a)
(2 marks)
Lava plateau
Tuff plateau
Gentle slope
4.
(3 marks)
They are non-crystalline
Some contain fossils
They are arranged in layers/strata
Formed from sediments
Give two examples of features resulting from fissure eruption.
-
(2 marks)
These are igneous rocks that result from magma that cools and solidifies at
shallow depths of the earth’s surface level
State three characteristics of sedimentary rocks.
-
3.
As the sun shines the glass focuses the sun’s rays on to the sensitized card.
The sun’s rays burn the trace on the card as the sun moves across the sky.
At the end of the day the card is removed out and the length of the trace
burnt is added into hours and minutes.
The burnt traces give the total amount of sunshine hours and minutes of
the day.
Formed by basic lava that flows and spread for long distance.
When this lava cools and solidifies, it builds up a broad gentle sloping
volcanic dome.
The low and wide volcano is called lava dome.
State three conditions necessary for a river capture to occur.
-
Lava layers
(3 marks)
The pirate river must have more active headward erosion than the weaker
river.
The two rivers, that is, the pirate and the misfit, must flow in adjacent
valleys.
The pirate river should flow at a lower level.
The pirate river must be flowing in a wider valley than the misfit river.
BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONAL EXAM @ 2016
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(b)
Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.
Name the parts labeled E and F.
E
F
5.
(a)
Waterfall
Plunge pool
Differentiate between a soil profile and a soil catena.
-
(b)
-
(2 marks)
Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of various soils in layers while soil
catena is the arrangement of soil on a mountain slope from top to bottom.
Give three ways in which soil is degenerated.
-
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
Leaching
Monoculture/monocropping
Change of soil/pH.
Burning of vegetation
Human activities
SECTION B
Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.
6.
Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 (sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following
questions.
(a)
(i)
What is the vertical interval of the map?
-
(ii)
(iii)
Vertical internal of the map -20m
Give the height of Burende Hill on grid square 3135.
-
(2 marks)
Height of Burende hill above 1460m but less than 1480m. (answer
to be between 1460 and 1480).
Identify two man made features on grid square 2431.
-
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
Market
All Weather road loose surface
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(iv)
Main tracks (motorable)
Rest house
Police post
Chiefs camp
Other tracks and footpaths
Build areas
Measure the distance of the All Weather loose surface road from the
junction at Odiado southwards to Ukwala. (Give your answer in
kilometers).
-
(b)
(i)
Distance – 5kms ± 0.1 = 4.9 – 5.1km
Draw a cross section from grid reference 260330 to 340330. Use a
vertical scale of 1cm to represent 40m. On it mark and name;
(8 marks)



(ii)
Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the section.
-
(ii)
(a)
=
1𝑐𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑝 40𝑚 1
1:50,000
4
×
50,000
1
(2 marks)
= 12.5𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠
(2 marks)
Are not intervisible because of the hill in between, which is a barrier
Citing evidence from the map, explain three factors that have influenced the
distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map.
(6 marks)
-
7.
𝑣.𝑠
ℎ.𝑠
Are the two points intervisible? Give a reason.
-
(c)
Odiodo Hill.
All weather road loose surface
A river
(i)
Along the roads/motorable tracks there are linear settlements for easy
movement of goods and labour.
All roads junctions, there are nucleated settlements due to the availability
of social amenities.
Areas that are well drained have many nucleated settlements due to the
availability of water domestic use/areas that are poorly drained/swampy
have few settlement since they are prone to flooding hence avoided.
There are few/no settlements in the hilly areas such as Odiado hill since it
is steep hence avoided because construction costs would be too high.
What is folding?
-
(ii)
(2 marks)
The process where the crustal rocks are made to bend either
upwards or downwards due to compressional forces.
Name three fold mountains formed during the Alpine Oregeny.
(3 marks)
Atlas – Africa
BARINGO COUNTY EDUCATIONAL EXAM @ 2016
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(b)
State four characteristics of a folded landscape.
-
(c)
(4 marks)
Presence of rolling plains
Presence of ridges and valley landscapes
Synclines with water/inter-montane basins
Anticlines/intermontane plateaus
High fold mountains/snow capped
The diagram below shows a type of fold.
(i)
Name the type of fold.
-
(ii)
-
(7 marks)
The layers of the crustal rocks are subjected to compressional
forces.
This leads to intense folding resulting to the formation of an over
fold.
Increased compressional forces from either side causes pressure on
the over fold resulting to the formation of recumbent fold.
When the compression is very great, a fracture/line of weakness
along the line of axis in the recumbent fold leading to the formation
of a thrust plane.
The upper part of the recumbent fold slides forward over the lower
part along the thrust plane leading to the formation of an over
thrust fold.
Explain four effects of fold mountains on human activities.
-
(1 mark)
Overthrust fold
Describe how the above type of fold is formed.
-
(d)
Alps – Europe
Himalayas – Asia
Rockies – North America
Andes – South America
(8 marks)
The wind ward slopes of fold mountains receives high and reliable rainfall
encouraging agricultural activities and development of forestry.
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8.
(a)
(i)
Fold mountains may be sources of major rivers providing water for
domestic, industrial and irrigation/hydro electric power production
providing energy.
Fold mountains may be snow-capped/glaciated features attracting tourist.
Fold mountain are steep and rugged which may act as barriers to
transport and communication/making the construction of transport and
communication lines expensive/difficult.
Some fold mountains may have exposed valuable mineral deposits which
are easily exploited.
Fold mountains have rugged landscape which may discourage
agriculture/human settlement.
What is vegetation?
-
(ii)
Refers to the plant life of a region/ground cover provided by plants.
Describe the variation of vegetation types along a mountain slope from
the bottom to the top.
(5 marks)
-
(b)
(2 marks)
Grassland
Woodland
Forest
Bamboo
Heath and moorland
Explain two ways in which relief influences the distribution of vegetation.
(4 marks)
-
At lower altitudes of mountains, broad leaved deciduous trees grow. At the
high altitudes, coniferous trees dominate since it is cooler.
The windward side of mountains receive very heavy rainfall which supports
a luxuriant growth of vegetation.
Gentle slopes are suitable for proper plant growth since they are well
drained/on steep slopes soil development is hindered due to erosion leading
to poor plant growth.
Flat areas receive heavy rainfall is poorly drained (waterlogged) thus
encouraging growth of swamp vegetation.
Slope facing the sun and rain bearing winds are warmer hence favouring a
wide variety of plants/luxuriant growth of forests.
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(c)
Study the world map below and answer the questions that follow:
X
Y
W
Y
(i)
Name the vegetation types labeled W, X and Y.
W
X
Y
(ii)
-
(3 marks)
Tropical forest
Coniferous forest
Temperate grassland/mountain vegetation
Explain three ways in which desert vegetation has adapted to the
climatic conditions of the region it is found.
(6 marks)
-
Some plants have thick/fleshy succulent leaves/barks to enable
them store water.
Some plants have long roots to tap the underground water.
Some have no leaves/have thin/spiky/waxy/needle like leaves to
reduce transpiration.
Some plant seeds remain dormant awaiting the short rains.
Some plants have thick/hard barks to reduce transpiration.
Some plants wilt in the absence of moisture but have quick recovery
ability.
Some plants have thorns to protect themselves from browsing
animals.
Some plants have underground bulbs to store water.
Most plants are stunted/dwarf like due to the harsh conditions.
Some plants are quick sprouting to take advantage of the shortlived desert rains.
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(d)
Students are planning to undertake a field study in a forest near their school.
They are required to prepare a working schedule.
(i)
What is a working schedule?
-
9.
(a)
It is the timetable to be followed on the day of the field study.
(ii)
Why is it important for the students to prepare a working schedule?
(3 marks)
To ensure proper time management and reduce tendency of
wasting time.
To ensure that all important areas are adequately covered.
Ensures that the researcher remains on course.
It is a pointer as to how much time will be required for the study.
(i)
Apart from rainfall, list two other forms of precipitation.
-
(b)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
Snow
Ice
Hail
Dew
Fog
Frost
(ii)
State three factors that influence the occurrence of surface run off.
(3 marks)
There should be sufficient/intense rainfall to make the soil
saturated in order to allow flow of excess water.
The land should be gentle sloping steps to allow flow of water by
gravity.
The water table should be high to reduce infiltration.
Absence of vegetation will increase the rate of surface run-off.
Impermeable rocks allow limited infiltration and percolation and
thus the excess water flows to form surface run-off.
Construction of roads/pavements in built up areas prevents
infiltration and allow surface runoff.
Nature of the soil-clay soil promotes surface runoff as it gets quickly
saturated due to the small air spaces. Sandy soil absorbs much
water hence little surface run off on its surface.
(i)
What is a lake?
-
(ii)
It is a large mass of water occupying a depression on the earth
surface.
Give five reasons why some lakes have fresh water.
-
(2 marks)
(5 marks)
Some have surface outlets through which excess salt deposits are
carried away.
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(iii)
State three characteristics of lakes formed due to faulting. (3 marks)
-
(c)
(i)
-
10.
(a)
Most of them are narrow
Most of them are steep sided
Most of them are deep
Most of them are salty
Most of them are long
Describe how lake Victoria influence the weather of the surrounding
lands.
(4 marks)
-
(d)
Some have underground outlets that drain salts that may have
accumulated in the lake beds.
Some have regular inflow of fresh water from rivers which dilutes
the salts keeping water fresh.
Some are located in areas of low temperature resulting in low rate
of evaporation.
Some are located in areas of high rainfall which keeps the water
fresh.
Melt ice dilutes the salt content in some of the lakes
There was crustal warping that occurred resulting in the down
warping of the area.
The down warping resulted in the formation of a basin.
There followed an uplift of land around the basin/back tilting of the
surrounding plateau.
The uplift of the surrounding land resulted into reversed flow of the
rivers into the depression.
Water from the rivers accumulated in the depression forming the
lake.
Give two factors which determine the size of a lake.
-
The size of the depression on which the lake is formed.
Different ways in which the lake water is lost.
Percolation through rocks.
Uses by man
Rate of siltation.
Water inflow from rainfall rivers/underground water
(i)
Give two sources of mineral salts in Ocean water.
-
(ii)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
Salty bed rock
River flowing on salt bearing rocks deposit salt into the ocean.
Volcanicity in the ocean/salt bearing magma.
Describe three processes involved in marine erosion.
(6 marks)
Abrassion/corrosion
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-
Rock fragments carried by the waves are used as a tool to grind
against the cliff face as the waves break. Rock fragments carried by
the back wash erodes the sea floor.
Solution/corrosion
-
The solvent and chemical action of the sea water dissolves and
removes the soluble minerals that are found in the cliff/sea floor
especially where there are limestone rocks.
Hydraulic action
-
(b)
Using well labeled diagrams, describe how a stack is formed.
(c)
The swash breaking waves hit against the cliffs shattering the
rocks/The force of breaking waves compress air into the
cracks/joint in the cliff face. This enlarges the cracks and parts of
the rocks may break off.
Waves erode both sides of a headland at right angles.
The waves erode through abrasion and hydraulic actions forming caves on
both sides of the headland.
Continued wave erosion and weathering leads to elongation of the caves
into headlands.
Eventually the caves merge leading to formation of an arch.
The roof of the arch collapses leading to isolation of part of the headland
on the seaward side.
The isolated island is the stack.
Describe three ways in which Islands are formed.
-
(6 marks)
(6 marks)
As the coastline retreats due to marine erosion, resistant rocks are isolated
as outcrops/islands.
Deposition of materials across bays/river mouths and lagoons build up
barriers/islands which project above the water level.
Volcanic eruption within the sea builds up islands where the materials pile
up above the sea level.
Accumulation of coral into reefs becomes coral islands.
Submergence of upland coasts due to isostatic or climatic changes lead to
formation of islands.
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(d)
State five ways in which Kenya benefits from her coastal features. (5 marks)
-
Coastal feature are tourist attractions e.g. beaches, coral which earns
Kenya foreign exchange.
Shallow continental shelf and submerged coasts form important fishing
grounds.
Coastal inlets are used as harbours e.g. Kilindini.
Coastal habitat provides environment for research/education.
Mangrove trees provide timber for building/fuel.
Coral limestone is used as a raw material in the manufacture of cement.
Coral rock/salt are used as building materials.
Salt production/extraction of salts from the sea water
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