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The Cold War Begins Chapter 15 The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe The Main Idea At the end of World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States deepened, leading to an era known as the Cold War. Analyze the social, cultural, & economic changes at the onset of the Cold War era Analyze the origins of the Cold War, foreign policy developments, & major events of the administrations from Truman to present Eastern Europe • Stalin – no intention of giving up political & economic control of Eastern Europe – Felt justified in controlling Eastern Europe • USSR lost 30 million in war – Wanted to create a line of USSR-friendly nations between the USSR & its historic enemies in Western Europe Communism Spreads • Stalin used any means necessary to secure Eastern Europe – Outlawed political parties & newspapers – Jailed & killed opponents – Rigged elections • Eventually every nation in Eastern Europe had a Soviet-friendly government – Yugoslavia only exception • Communist leader Tito Iron Curtain • 1946 former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill – Speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an "iron curtain" has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. ..all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.” • Stalin used Churchill’s speech to persuade Soviets that US & Britain were USSR’s enemies – Used as an excuse to build up USSR military strength 1938 map with original borders (in green). Adjusted borders are in black. Russian SFSR territories after 1945 are in dark red. The territories for other later annexed Soviet Socialist Republics are in light red. The territories for Soviet Satellite states are in pink. Containment • Policy that the US adopted in the 1940s – Created by George F. Kennan • US diplomat & expert on the USSR – US resist USSR attempts to expand its power & influence – Provide economic aid to other countries in order to strengthen them against the USSR – 1947 tested inTurkey & Greece • Communists expanding influence George F. Keenan Truman Doctrine • In a speech Truman argued that the U.S. should support Greece and Turkey economically and militarily to prevent their falling under Soviet control • generalized his hopes for Greece and Turkey into a doctrine applicable throughout the world – The US should support any free peoples who were resisting forced control • Congress voted to send 100s of millions of dollars to Turkey & Greece – Communism failed there Marshall Plan • June 1947 speech at Harvard • Secretary of State George C. Marshall • Called for a massive US program of aid to help Europe rebuild • 1948-1951 US spent over $13 billion in 17 different countries – Bought food, farm equipment, rebuilt factories, homes, etc. George C. Marshall Poster promoting the Marshall Plan Under Marshall Plan I. Western Europe fed its hungry & created jobs II. Western European countries bought goods from US factories III. US built political support in Western Europe Germany • Soviets kept eastern Germany zone under communist control – German Democratic Republic, or East Germany • US, UK, & FR set up a free, democratic government – Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany • Berlin – Within East Germany – US, UK, & FR controlled the western half The red area of Germany (above) is the Soviet zone, which surrounds Berlin, the gray dot inside of it. The dark gray areas to the West were divided between the United States, Britain and France. The Soviets ceded the portion to the east of the Oder-Neisse line (light gray) to Poland. A portion of the isolated easternmost section of German East Prussia, was annexed directly into the USSR Berlin Blockade • Soviets did not like having Western-style economy & government within their zone • June 1948 Soviets closed all road, river, & rail traffic into West Berlin – Cutting 2.1 million residents off from food, coal, & other necessities Berlin Blockade • Airports remained open – Western powers could supply by air • Western officials not sure if airlift possible • Soviets might shoot planes down – War – Decision was made to attempt an airlift Berlin Airlift June 24, 1948-May 12, 1949 • US, British, & French airplanes made deliveries to Berlin – 280,000 flights • • • • Average of 7,000 tons of supplies every day More runways were built in West Berlin 70 US & British died in plane crashes Soviets lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949 Gail Halvorsen, one of the many Airlift pilots, decided to use his off time to fly into Berlin and make movies with his hand held camera. He arrived at Tempelhof on July 17 after hitching a ride on one of the C-54s, and walked over to a crowd of children who had gathered at the end of the runway to watch the aircraft coming in. He introduced himself and they started to ask him questions about the aircraft and their flights. As a goodwill gesture, he handed out his only two sticks of Wrigley's Doublemint Gum, and promised that if they did not fight over them, the next time he returned he would drop off more. The children quickly divided up the pieces as best they could. Before he left them, a child asked him how they would know it was him flying over, and he replied, "I'll wiggle my wings." The very next day, on approach to Berlin, he rocked the aircraft and dropped some chocolate bars attached to a handkerchief parachute to the children waiting below. Every day after that the number of children would increase and he made several more drops. Soon there was a stack of mail in Base Ops addressed to "Uncle Wiggly Wings", "The Chocolate Uncle" and "The Chocolate Flier". His commanding officer was upset when the story appeared in the news, but when Tunner heard about it he approved of the gesture and immediately expanded it into "Operation Little Vittles". Other pilots participated, and when news reached the U.S., children all over the country sent in their own candy to help out. Soon the major candy companies joined in as well. In the end, over three tons of candy were dropped on Berlin, and the "operation" became a major propaganda success. The candy-dropping aircraft were quickly christened "raisin bombers" by the German children. U.S. Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen, who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes, which later became known as "Operation Little Vittles". North Atlantic Treaty Organization • 1948 – Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom formed a system of common defense • April 1949 – NATO formed • Original five plus the US, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, & Portugal • An armed attack against one member would be considered an attack against all Life In America after World War II GI Bill June 1944 President Roosevelt signed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act GI Bill (GI—Government Issue) Money for veterans to attend college Loans for vets to buy homes, farms, or businesses Helped vets find jobs Provided 1 year of unemployment After the war Labor unions Began seeking raises limited during war Number of strikes increased Taft-Hartley Act Reduced the power of labor unions Racial minorities Executive Order #9981: President Truman Ended segregation in armed forces Felix Longoria Mexican American KIA Texas funeral home refused his body Senator Lyndon Johnson offered family Arlington National Cemetery Baby Boom Dramatic rise in birthrate in the two decades following World War II Demand for consumer goods rose Postwar Politics April 1945 FDR died Harry S. Truman president Vice president less than 3 mos. No idea what FDR had been doing 1946 Elections Postwar inflation Republicans won majority in Congress First time since 1930 Postwar Politics 1948 Presidential Election Truman appeared to be in trouble Liberal Democrats broke from party Progressive party—Henry Wallace Southern Democrats broke over race issues Dixiecrats—Strom Thurmond Republican—Thomas Truman Dewey made a whirlwind campaign across US Most experts predicted Truman would lose Famous photograph of Truman grinning and holding up a copy of the newspaper that (erroneously) announced his defeat. Truman won reelection to the surprise of most experts. Fair Deal Truman’s plan for the country Federal health insurance program New funding for education Republican Congress did not support it Few Fair Deal ideas became law United Nations October 1945 UN charter was ratified by representatives of 50 nations it committed its members to Save succeeding generations from war Reaffirm faith in human rights Respect treaties & to promote progress & freedom of all people Agree to live in peace & unite to maintain security Force only used to serve common interests of members Use international organizations to promote economic & social advancement United Nations Commission on Human Rights US representative was Eleanor Roosevelt December 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights All human beings are born free & equal End to slavery, torture, & inhumane punishment Demanded a variety of civil rights Elementary education should be free to all UN adopted the declaration & directed members to publicize it World Bank Aimed to help poor countries build their economies Provided grants of money & loans to help with projects that could provide jobs & wealth International Monetary Fund Designed to encourage economic policies that promoted international trade Prevent countries from following economic policies of self-interest that hurt other countries & affect trade General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade GATT Created to promote economic cooperation Designed to reduce barriers to trade by reducing tariffs 1947-1994 THE SECOND RED SCARE Growing fear of Communism US leaders worried about spread of communism after WWII 1948 Berlin crisis made tension worse 1949 Discovered that USSR had atomic bomb China became communist Most populous country in the world Soviet atomic weapons August 1949 US aircraft picked up unusual radioactivity over USSR September 1949 Truman announced that USSR had atomic weapons US no longer had an advantage Truman would seek to strengthen military against possible Soviet threat Joe One, the first Soviet atomic test The first Soviet bomb, RDS-1 Communist China After WWII, defeated Japanese left China Civil War broke out Communists led by Mao Zedong took over large areas of China Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek Supported by US to defeat communists Corruption & poor leadership Chiang & Nationalists forced to flee to Taiwan Communist People’s Republic of China, 1949 Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Formed in 1930s Original purpose to investigate all radical groups in US Became focused only on communism 1947 most famous HUAC investigation Explore possible Communist influence in US film industry Called in Hollywood directors & writers thought to have communist leanings 10 refused to answer questions “Hollywood Ten” Found guilty of contempt: 1 yr. in jail HUAC Many in Hollywood were alarmed Many agreed to talk & give names Others refused Blacklisted; careers were damaged The Hollywood Ten The 1947 HUAC hearings in session. On the right, committee chairman J. Parnell Thomas administers the oath; 34-year-old congressman Richard Nixon is seated immediately to Thomas's left. President Truman Public fear of communism put pressure on US leaders Congressional Republicans claimed Communists were working in federal government Truman ordered all federal employees be investigated 3 million investigated over several years A few thousand resigned About 200 judged disloyal Smith Act 1940 law making it a crime to call for the overthrow of the US government or belonging to an organization that did 1949 several leaders of the Communist Party were convicted under this law 1951 Dennis v. United States Considered free speech Communists a danger & justified limits on McCarran Act, 1950 Required Communist organizations to register with the government Established a special board to investigate Communist involvement Made it illegal to plan for a creation of a totalitarian dictatorship Prevented Communists or other radicals from entering the US Vetoed by Truman, Congress overrode his veto Spy cases Alger Hiss, 1948 Accused of being a spy by another spy Hiss denied being a spy Top secret microfilm found in a hollowed out pumpkin Hiss convicted of perjury & sent to prison Richard Nixon was part of the investigation Spy Cases Klaus Fuchs, 1950 Nuclear physicist, worked on Manhattan Project Transmitted information to USSR Detailed drawings of “Fat Man” Served 9 years in prison Spy Cases Ethel & Julius Rosenberg, 1951 Convicted of passing military secrets to the Soviets Ethyl’s brother worked on the Manhattan Project Received the death sentence & were executed in 1953 Joseph McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin February 9, 1950 Speech in Wheeling, West Virginian Claimed 205 known Communists in US State Dept. Senate investigation found no evidence McCarthy became leading spokesman against Communism & became very popular McCarthy accused other groups in government of harboring Communists Senator Joseph McCarthy Joseph McCarthy None of his charges were backed by evidence Political cartoonist Herblock called his tactics “McCarthyism” Joseph McCarthy 1954 McCarthy attacked the US Army Hearings were televised McCarthy came across as a bully Lost support Censored by the US Senate Died May 2, 1957 48 years old Acute Hepatitis Brought on by alcoholism THE KOREAN WAR June 25, 1950—July 27, 1953 Korea before the war Korean Peninsula 600 miles long Between Japan & China After 1905 Japan dominated & occupied Korea Yalta Conference Allies agreed Korea would be free Korea temporarily divided & occupied by Allies Divided at 38th parallel USSR north of 38th parallel US south of 38th parallel North Korea Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Soviets tried to establish a communist government Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Prime Minister Kim II Sung Sought to reunify North & South Korea under Communist control South Korea Republic of Korea US promoted a democratic government Republic of Korea President Syngman Rhee Elected leader who had dictatorial powers Sought to reunify North & South Korea Korean War Both North & South Korea wanted to reunite Different ideas on how June 25, 1950 100,000 North Koreans crossed 38th parallel Kim II Sung had ordered the attack North Koreans armed with Soviet-made weapons & tanks Attack came as a surprise to most US leaders Over US troops had already left Korea The Start of the Korean War Role of the United States South Korea was where the United States had to take a stand against Communist aggression. Truman ordered American naval and air forces to support Korean ground troops. Truman asked the United Nations to approve the use of force to stop the North Korean invasion. Role of the United Nations The UN Security Council supported the use of force in Korea. Truman sent ground troops to Korea. The troops sent to Korea were to be a United Nations force. Instead of calling this a war, the whole effort was referred to as a UN police action. The Korean War (1950-53) The U.N. Security Council declared North Korea the aggressor and sent troops from 15 nations to restore peace. Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur U.S. 350,000; South Korean 400,000; other UN members 50,000 The move succeeded only because the Soviet delegate, who had veto power, was absent because he was protesting the UN’s refusal to recognize the Communist government in China. The Inchon Landing • • • UN forces made an amphibious landing behind North Korean lines at the port city of Inchon. MacArthur’s surprise attack worked beautifully. The September 1950 invasion at Inchon was a key victory for UN forces. Combat in the Korean War North Korea on the Run UN Forces Retreat • Offensives from Inchon and Pusan resulted in the destruction or surrender of huge numbers of North Korean troops. • By October 1950 all of South Korea was back in UN hands. • UN forces had begun to move into North Korea, but the when 260,000 Chinese troops joined the North Koreans the UN began to retreat. • UN forces retreated all the way back to Seoul. It was the longest fallback in U.S. military history. Map of the Korean War General MacArthur Is Fired MacArthur said that the UN faced a choice between defeat by the Chinese or a major war with them. He wanted to expand the war by bombing the Chinese mainland, perhaps even with atomic weapons. Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway stopped the Chinese onslaught and pushed them back to the 38th parallel—without needing to expand the war or use atomic weapons. MacArthur disagreed with President Truman about the direction of the fighting and challenged the authority of the president. Truman fired MacArthur. Many Americans were outraged at the firing of MacArthur. Fighting Ends in Korea Negotiating for Peace Events of 1953 In July 1951 peace talks began. One major obstacle was the location of the boundary between the Koreas. Meanwhile battles such as Bloody Ridge and Heartbreak Ridge continued, inflicting heavy casualties on both sides. In October 1951 peace talks stalled over prisoners of war. Negotiators in Panmunjom continued to argue over the details of a peace agreement throughout 1952. In 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower—who promised to end the war—was elected president. Fighting remained deadly—in the final two months of the war, UN forces lost 57,000 men and the Communists lost 100,000. An armistice agreement was finally reached on July 27, 1953. The Korean War left the map of Korea looking much as it had in 1950. The human costs were huge. Click on the window to start video
