Download PREMATRICULATION INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES FOR

PREMATRICULATION INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES FOR MSUCOM
SEMESTER 1
The faculty of anatomy believe that familiarity with basic anatomical concepts and medical
terminology typically covered in an undergraduate anatomy class will help facilitate your
acclimation toward learning clinically oriented anatomy.
Please consult the Introductory Chapter pp 1-70, Moore, Dalley & Agur, Clinically Oriented
Anatomy, 2010, 6/e or any undergraduate anatomy text to address the following Instructional
Objectives. The MDA text is one of your required texts for Semester 1. If you believe the MDA
text or your undergraduate anatomy text or a medical dictionary (e.g. Stedmans, Dorlands) is
unable to address these Instructional Objectives, please contact Dr. Anthony Paganini
([email protected]) for guidance prior to Day 1.
Sample practice problems with answers are provided at the end of these instructional objectives
to confirm your understanding.
BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY AND ORIENTATIONS
1. Standing in front of mirror give examples of a structure on or in your body that is _________
relative to another structure on in your body where "_____" is superior, inferior, medial,
lateral, proximal, distal, caudal, cranial, orad, aborad, anterior (ventral), posterior
(dorsal), superficial, deep, ipsilateral, contralateral.
2. Locate the following body regions on your skin surface: pectoral, axillary, brachium,
antebrachium, popliteal, femoral, inguinal, gluteal, scapular, cervical, hallux, pollex,
cubital, crural, thigh, leg (the strict anatomic definition), palmar, dorsum of foot, sural,
perineum
3. Describe the anatomic position
4. List the various organ systems of the body and a brief description of their function
5. Describe the following anatomical planes: median, sagittal, frontal, parasagittal, coronal,
transverse. How are anatomical planes related to body sections?
6. Give examples of body structures that are bilateral and that are unilateral
7. What divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal-pelvic cavity? What are the divisions of
the thoracic cavity? Where is the mediastinum in relation to the lungs?
BASIC TISSUE HISTOLOGY
1. What are the defining or common characteristics of epithelium, muscle, nervous tissue and
connective tissue?
2. In what regions of the body would you expect to find hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and
elastic cartilage
3. Which two types of tissue define a body membrane and what are the different types of
membranes in the body? What is the type of membrane that lines the digestive tract,
respiratory tract, urogenital tract? What is the type of membrane found on the external
surface of the lungs or external surface of most digestive tract organs? What is the type of
membrane that forms the innermost layer of the thoracic body wall and abdominal body
wall?
4. What are the similarities and differences between skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth
muscle with regard to which nervous system modulates or controls their activity and their
location the body?
5. Connective tissue is a highly diverse collection of tissues. Give examples of different kinds of
connective tissue found in the body.
BODY WALL
1. Describe how the skin an example of a body membrane?
2. Be able to list the various tissue layers of the body wall from the external surface of the skin
to the fluid in a ventral body cavity. What type of structures are found in the
subcutaneous tissue and in the dermis?
BONE & JOINTS
1. Where is periosteum, perichondrium, endosteum found in the body. What are their general
functions?
2. What is the difference between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone? What is the
difference between compact and spongy bone? In which bones are they each found?
3. Discuss the factors that influence both the stability and the mobility of a joint. What is the
relationship between a joint’s mobility and its stability?
4. Describe the structural differences between fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints. List
examples of fibrous joints, primary cartilaginous joints and secondary cartilaginous joints
5. List examples of where you find joints that are functionally classified as synarthroses
6. Describe the characteristics of a synovial joint
7. Stand in front of a mirror and illustrate to yourself the following joint motions with your
upper limb: abduction vrs. adduction at the shoulder joint, pronation and supination of the
forearm, eternal (lateral) rotation of the humerus; internal (medial) rotation of the
humerus at the shoulder; flexion at the elbow, flexion of the fingers, extension at the
elbow, extension of the fingers.
8. Describe the following terms used in connection with the architectural features of bone: facet,
fossa, groove, foramen, line, spine. What is the general difference between a tuberosity
and a tubercle?
9. Define proprioception
10. Describe or demonstrate with your body the type of joint motion of a pivot joint, a plane
joint, a hinge joint, and a ball & socket joint. List examples of body joints whose
movements can be approximated as pivot, plane, hinge, or ball & socket.
NERVOUS TISSUE AND MUSCLE TISSUE
1. Define the prime mover(s), fixator, synergist, and antagonist muscle type in the context of
flexion at the elbow?
2. Describe where central nervous system tissue and peripheral nervous system tissue are found
in the body. What are the general functions of the CNS versus the PNS?
3. What is the function of sensory neurons? List various types of visceral sensations. How is a
typical sensory neuron similar or different in appearance to a typical motor neuron?
4. What is the function of motor neurons? What are the three general types of effector tissues of
motor neurons?
5. Define a motor unit
6. Distinguish among the following: a neuron, an axon, a nerve, the neurolemma, the epineurium
and a nerve fiber.
7. Define the following terms for nervous tissue: ganglia, nucleus, ascending pathway,
descending pathway, gray matter, white matter
8. What is a reflex?
9. What is a nerve plexus, spinal nerve, anterior primary rami, posterior primary rami, and
cranial nerve?
10. Identify the different spinal cord regions, which spinal nerves are associated with them, and
their relationship to the corresponding vertebrae.
11. What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?
12. What is the anatomical distinction between the origin of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system? Give some examples of functional differences between the sympathetic
and parasympathetic nervous system
13. What does it mean for the sympathetic nervous system to be 'somatotopically arranged'
within the lateral gray matter
14. Where are prevertebral ganglia and paravertebral ganglia typically located?
CARDIOVASCULAR
1. What is the anatomical distinction between an artery and vein?
2. Where does the pulmonary circulation begin and end? Where does the systemic circulation
begin and end? What are the functional differences between these two circulations in
relation to the relative amount of oxygen they carry?
3. What is the lumen of a blood vessel? Starting in the lumen describe three general layers of a
typical blood vessel from deep (i.e. adjacent to the lumen) to superficial. Which layer has
smooth muscle?
4. Define the following: venous anastomoses, arterial anastomoses, collateral artery, terminal
artery, communicating veins (venae comitantes),
5. What is ventricular systole and ventricular diastole?
6. Is blood pressure higher in arteries or veins?
7. Construct a simple sketch of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation in relation
to the heart chambers: include the following vessels aorta (arch, thoracic, abdominal),
common iliac arteries, brachiocephalic aa., axillary aa., common carotid aa., pulmonary
trunk, pulmonary aa., inferior vena cava, pulmonary vv., superior vena cava, common
iliac vv. brachiocephalic vv., axillary vv, internal jugular vv.
8. Portal venous system are found between the intestines and live and between the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland. How would you anatomically describe a portal venous system?
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1. Describe the function of the lymphatic system.
3. What is the structural or spatial relationship between a lymphatic capillary and the blood
capillaries?
4. Describe the composition of lymph . How is it similar or different to plasma, blood, and
interstitial fluid?
5. Draw a flowchart that illustrates what structures the lymph travels through to return to the
bloodstream. Use the following structures: lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic
trunk, venous angle
6. Describe the basic anatomy of a lymph node and the functions of this organ
7. List examples of lymphoid organs and organs with lymphatic tissue in them