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AP Chemistry 1st Semester Final The first semester final exam will consist of a multiple-choice section and two free-response questions. The list below identifies topics represented on the exam. Use previous homework problems, study questions, practice AP problems, or worksheets for review problems. No calculators will be used on the multiple choice section. Chapter 2 - Naming Name and write formulas of common ions and ionic compounds Name and write formulas of covalent compounds (including hydrocarbons and alcohols) o Example: Hydrocarbon Alcohol Methane CH4 methanol CH3OH Ethane C2H6 ethanol C2H5OH Propane C3H8 propanol C3H7OH Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry Molar conversions Empirical formulas Balancing equations Combustion reactions (combining hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing derivatives of hydrocarbons like alcohols with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water). Also know that with insufficient oxygen gas, CO and C (soot) may result. Limiting reactants Chapter 4 – Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Strong acids and bases and that these make strong electrolytes Acid-base reactions (neutralization) Oxidation-Reduction Concentration of solutions and solution stoichiometry Titrations Net ionic equations Example: What volume of 0.500 M AlCl3 solution is needed to prepare 300 mL of solution that has a chloride concentration of 0.300 M? Chapter 5 - Thermochemistry Hess’s law Formation reactions – a reaction that produces one mole of a substance from its elements in their most stable thermodynamic state Chapter 6 – Electronic Structure of Atoms Quantum mechanical model and quantum numbers Electron configurations and the periodic table Chapter 7 – Periodic Properties of the Elements Trends in atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity Use successive values of ionization energies to determine the number of valence electrons Characteristics of alkali metals including their reaction with water to form hydrogen gas General characteristics of metals, nonmetals, semi-metals, and transition metals Chapter 8 – Chemical Bonding Ionic bonding and lattice energy Bond polarity and electronegativity Drawing Lewis Structures Bond enthalpies or bond dissociation energies (given a set of molecules, determine which would have the greatest bond dissociation energy) Bond length (given a set of molecules, determine which has the shortest or longest bond length) Chapter 9 – Molecular Geometry Electron domain geometry and molecular geometry (along with bond angles and hybridizations) Pi and sigma bonds Chapter 10 – Gases Know how to use any of the gas equations Molecular effusion and diffusion Chapter 11 – Intermolecular Forces, Liquids and Solids Know the different types and how they compare in strength Examples of hydrogen bonds Predict order of boiling points based for different molecules Determine types of IMF’s present in a molecule Chapter 13 – Solutions “like dissolves like” and factors that affect solubility Know all the ways to express concentration Colligative properties – vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression