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Mitogenomics By Tyler Steele Mitogenomics? • Mito- mitochondria • Genomics- genome • Therefore, study of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) Mitochondria • “Powerhouse of the Cell” • Also involved in cell signaling, differentiation, and death • Bound by two membranes • Origin: Endosymbiotic Theory • Most supported theory • Mitochondria were once individual organisms; taken into another organism via endocytosis • Dual membrane as evidence • Chloroplasts obtained in a similar manner Mitochondrial Genome • Most multicellular organisms- Circular, closed, dsDNA • Most unicellular organisms (and Cnidaria)- Linear dsDNA • In humans: • 2-10 copies per mitochondrion 100-10,000 copies per cell • ~16 kb (compared to P. falciparum- ~6 kb and Silene conica- ~11 Mb) • Lack introns; only one regulatory site (D-Loop) • H-strand- guanine-rich; 28 genes • L-strand- cytosine-rich; 9 genes • Of total 37- 13 for proteins, 22 for tRNA, 2 for large/small ribosome subunit Picture : Emmanuel Douzery tRNA • Used in translation of mRNA • “Cloverleaf” secondary structure • Important components: • Anticodon- 3 bp sequence complimentary to codon on mRNA • 3’ amino acid- CCA sequence at 3’ end forms ester bond to an amino acid • Only one amino acid per tRNA • mRNA strand is translated into a protein with tRNA and a ribosome Why study Mitogenomics? Identification • Mitochondrial genes are highly conserved, but vary in location by organism • Recombination of mtDNA only occurs with copies of itself • mtDNA remains mostly unchanged from parent to offspring • mtDNA is passed almost exclusively from mother to offspring (matrilineage) • It has a high mutation rate, but low amino acid substitution in proteins • It is also easy to isolate, PCR, and sequence Identification Homo sapiens Phylogenetics Future of Mitogenomics Future of Mitogenomics • Even with next generation sequencing, mtDNA is a good target • We can sequence and perform phylogenetic analyses on larger sample sizes • We can look at more detailed sequence information Sources Cited • https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Mitochondrion_mini.svg • McBride et al. “Mitochondria: More Than Just a Powerhouse” • Andersson et al. “Origins of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes” • Nosek et al. “Linear mitochondrial genomes: 30 years down the line” • Taanman “The mitochondrial genome: structure, transcription, translation and replication” • https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Map_of_the_human_mitochondrial_genome.svg • Itoh et al. “Tertiary structure of bacterial selenocysteine tRNA” • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/translation.html • http://biochem.co/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/trna_diagram.gif • DeJong et al. “The mitochondrial genome of Biomphalaria galabrata (Gastrodpoda: Basommatophora), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni” • Ferris et al. “Evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA” • Stone et al. “Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the presumptive remains of Jesse James” • Gill et al. “Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis”