Download Colorado State University Crops for Health TM

Biomedical Agriculture: A New Approach for
Developing Crops for Health
Henry J. Thompson
Cancer Prevention Lab
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523
[email protected]
To meaningfully reduce the physical, psychosocial, and economic
consequences of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart
disease and cancer through:
• Identification, development, and production of food crop varieties that
show maximum human health benefit while retaining marketability in
the global arena.
• Development of the tools and techniques require to understand how
these food crops prevent chronic disease.
• Dissemination of knowledge to the global community to promote longterm healthy lifestyle changes.
Colorado State University
Crops for HealthTM
A Transdisciplinary Research & Training Program in
Biomedical Agriculture
Food
Supplements
Prevention
Therapy
Chronic disease
Bioactive food
components
Nutrients
•Obesity
•Diabetes
•Heart disease
•Cancer
Potential disease-preventive mechanisms
of vegetables and fruit
• Antioxidant activity (effector activity or marker?)
• Antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory
activity
• Modulation of detoxification enzymes
• Stimulation of the immune system
• Decrease in platelet aggregation
• Alteration in cholesterol metabolism
• Modulation of steroid hormone concentrations and
hormone metabolism
• Blood pressure reduction
Biomedical engagement
Overweight/Obesity
Glucose availability
Diabetes-Type II
Inflammation
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Cellular oxidation
Plant Food-Health Conundrum
•The issue of botanical
diversity.
•Not the right crop varieties
(cultivars) in the supermarket
Crops for Health
Epidemiological
Evidence
• Strong inverse relationship between cancer incidence and VF intake
– World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research
(1997) Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective.
• Evidence strongest for colon cancer
– Concept challenged Schatzkin , New Engl. J. Med. 342:1149-55, 2000
– For breast cancer, the relationship is moderately strong (WCRF:1997)
– Smith-Warner: JAMA 285: 769-776, 2001; Riboli JAMA 2004 No
effect
• Publications in 2002-2007 are mixed
– Reports of protection (lung and ovarian cancer) and lack of association
(breast and bladder cancer)
– No reports of a positive association
Why the variability in study conclusions?
• No effect: variation and chance
• Measurement errors: VF intake
• There is a threshold that VF intake must
exceed for protection
• Only certain VF matter: botanical family
• VF can be protective
– but not all individuals benefit from increased
VF
Food
• A collection of
chemicals produced
(synthesized) in a
biological context
– Propagation of that
plant species
• For people: food is
simply a collection of
chemicals that can be
ingested
Food Chemical Nomenclature
Phytochemicals
(phytonutrients)
Foods
Bioactive Food Components
BAFC
Nutrients
50
Non-nutrient
1000s
Individual chemicals
Matrix effects
Targets
Mammalian cells
Biological inert chemicals
Gut microflora
•Cannot be made
•Required for normal cellular function
•Absence results in disease
Drill Down Point: What are the nutrients
• Macronutrients
– Protein (4)
• Essential amino acids
• Non essentail amino acids
– Carbohydrate (4)
• Available
– Mono,di, oligo
– Starch
• Unavailable
– Fiber
» Soluble
» Insoluble
– Fat (9)
• Essentail (omega-6 vs 3)
• Nonessential
*Water
• Micronutrients
– Vitamins
• Fat soluble
• Water soluble
– Minerals
• Macro
• Trace
elements
The Big Picture Vision
JA Milner : NCI Road Map 2005
CSU-Credential Cultivars
• ID America’s favorite 20 crops
• Understand crop origins and breadth of each
crop’s genetic diversity
• Select cultivars from each crop for evaluation
• Identify the most cancer protective cultivars
• Define a cultivar-based diet of menus and recipes
• Evaluate in women at high risk for breast cancer
or its recurrence
• Ultimate goal: a “certifiable disease prevention
diet”
BOTANICAL FAMILIES COMPARISON
Botanical Families
Vitaceae
Umbellifera
Solanaceae
Rutaceae
Rosaceae
Musaceae
Liliaceae
Leguminosae
Gramineae
Ericaceae
Cucurbitace
Cruciferae
Convolvulac
Compositeae
Chenopodaceae
Agaricaceae
Actinidiacae
Diet
Low FV
High FV
0
1
2
Average Serving Per Day
3
Nouveau Cuisine for Cancer
Prevention
N= 118
RESEARCH QUESTION
• When vegetable and fruit (VF) intake is
high what has a greater effect on levels of
oxidation
– focus on botanical families: powerful
phytochemicals [Five family diet]
– diverse number of VF with many many
chemicals of varied activity [Seventeen family
diet]
DAILY SERVINGS OF VEGETABLES AND FRUIT
FROM EACH BOTANICAL FAMILY
•
•
5 Family
– Cruciferae
– Chenopodiaceae
– Liliaceae
– Rutaceae
– Solanaceae
17 Family
– Chenopodiaceae
Ericaceae
– Cruciferae
Graminae
– Liliaceae
Leguminosae
– Rutaceae
Musaceae
– Solanaceae
Rosaceae
– Actinidiaceae
Umbelliferae
– Agaricaceae
Vitaceae
– Compositae
Curcurbitaceae
– Convolvulaceae
Vitaceae
Solanaceae
Rutaceae
Rosaceae
Liliaceae
17 family
Graminae
5 family
Cucurbitaceae
Cruciferae
Convolvulaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Actinidiaceae
0.00
0.50
1.00
n-a-day
1.50
2.00
2.50
LESSONS LEARNED
• Diet is a powerful chemical tool
box.
• You can cause rapid and at times
dramatic shifts in the chemicals to
which your cells are exposed.
• What you eat can make a
difference in the body’s
microenvironment.
Plant Food-Health Conundrum
•The issue of botanical
diversity.
•Not the right crop varieties
(cultivars) in the supermarket:
Crops for Health
Created Equal?
Dry Bean
Apple
Potato
Vision
Provide consumers with crop varieties in the
food market for which we have evidence of
enhanced human health benefits
Experimental Overview
• Chemical Analysis
– Antioxidants and phytochemicals
• Cell Culture
– Cell accumulation
• In Vivo Screening Bioassay
– Mammary carcinogenesis
– Colon carcinogenesis
Genetic Classification
Centers of Domestication
Andean
Nueva Granada Chilean
Peruvian
Middle American
Durango
Mesoamerica
Jalisco
Epiphany: what’s the most efficient
approach by which to discover
microbe or pest resistance?...why not
health traits?
Co 39
Patbyeo
Gerdeh
Dular
Inia Tocuari
Swarna
Aswina
Pokkali
Cypress
Dom Sufid
Moroberkan
M202
IAC 165
IR64
Panicle/Seed Types in Current SNP set
Sadu-cho
Health and Supplements
• Nutrient supplements
– Original concept: developed to prevent deficiency
diseases
– Contemporary use: if some is good, more is better
• BAFC supplements
– Drug concept: intervene in disease processes to
prevent disease
• Evidence of health benefit: limited
• Evidence of harmful effects: growing
The Big Picture Vision
• ID America’s favorite 20 crops
– (Crops of International Importance)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Understand a crop’s origins and genetic diversity
Select cultivars from each crop for evaluation
Identify the most cancer protective cultivars
Define a cultivar-based diet of menus and recipes
Evaluate clinically
Ultimate goal:
– CSU: “certifiable disease prevention diet”
Colorado Cuisine Modular Diet
•Cultivar defined certification
Modular Unit (B,L,D)
(credential certified)
• Macronutrient composition
– Protein 20%kcal
– Fat 30% (10/10/10)
– Carbohydrate 50% kcal
• 15% kcal as fiber
• Breakfast: 300 kcal
– 60 kcal Pr=15g
– 90 kcal Fat=10g
– 150 kcal CHO=37g
• Botanical Diversity
– 18 Families
– Each module:
• at least 3 botanical
families
• At least 0.5 servings per
family
•
The serving sizes: 1 medium piece
of fruit, ½ cup fruit or vegetable
(raw, cooked, canned or frozen), 1
cup leafy green salad, ¼ cup dried
fruit, ¾ cup or 6 oz. 100% fruit or
vegetable juice, ½ cup cooked or
canned dried peas or beans.
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
1992
1995
1998
2001
Source: Mokdad A H, et al. J Am Med Assoc 1999;282:16,
2001;286:10.