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The Axial Skeleton (Part 1) THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs THE AXIAL SKELETON 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 80 Bones in Axial Skeleton THE AXIAL SKELETON Function: Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunk THE SKELETON (AXIAL SKELETON) + skull (cranium and facial bones) + hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) + vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) + thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) THE SKULL Cranial bones (or cranium): Structure: 8 sutured bones in cranium Functions: encases brain attachments for muscles (mostly neck) sinuses THE SKULL Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull): Structure: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible Functions: framework of face cavities for sense organs of sight, taste and smell openings for passage of air and food hold teeth Attachments for muscles of face NOW…LET’S TALK TEETH… “Your teeth are also considered part of your skeletal system, but they are not counted as bones. Your teeth are made of enamel and dentin. Enamel is the strongest substance in your body.” http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html “When discussing the human skeletal system it is important to include the teeth. Hillendale Health explains that even though the teeth are not considered bones, they are part of the framework that forms the human skeleton. It is also important to note that the enamel that forms the teeth is the strongest substance within the body. http://www.ehow.com/about_5099016_introduction-skeletal-system.html SKULL (LATERAL VIEW) SKULL (LATERAL VIEW) INFANT SKULL (SUPERIOR VIEW) SKULL (INFERIOR VIEW) SKULL (POSTERIOR VIEW) SINUSES Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus “Sinus Headaches” Location of pain: Depends on which sinuses are affected. If frontal sinuses are affected, then pain will be felt just above the eyebrows. If ethmoid sinuses are affected, then pain will be felt between the eyes. If maxillary sinuses are affected, then pain will be felt in the cheekbones region. BONES OF THE MIDDLE EAR (OSSICLES) Structure: A-Malleus (hammer) B-Incus (anvil) C-Stapes (stirrup) (smallest bone of the body) Function: Changes acoustical energy (sound) into mechanical energy HYOID Structure: see below Function: anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing SUMMARY Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs The Axial Skeleton (Part 2) THE SKELETAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs THE AXIAL SKELETON (VERTEBRA) Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (4 fused) Vertebrae vary in size and shape CERVICAL VERTEBRAE THORACIC VERTEBRAE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE COCCYX AND SACRUM THE THORACIC CAGE Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum and xiphoid process costal cartilages Ribs True ribs: directly attached to sternum (upper 7 pairs) False ribs are not directly attached to sternum (lower 5 pairs) Vertebrochondral ribs are joined to 7th rib (3 pairs) Vertebral ribs or floating ribs are not connect at all (2 pairs) THE THORACIC CAGE Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (5) Floating Ribs (2) SUMMARY Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs