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Rise of Civilizations Ancient Egypt Importance of Geography The Nile River - heart of Egyptian civilization - longest in world - magnet for life TRANSPORTATION The Nile = water highway that joined Egypt together moved resources, people throughout region Geography As Protection South, East, and West = desert North = Mediterranean Sea Geography also protected Egypt from outside influences Rise of Ancient Egypt 6,000 B.C. - first inhabitants settle around Nile River Stages of Development Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom - 2700 to 2200 B.C. - age of prosperity & unity - divine kingship established - dynasty system of rule established - bureaucracy developed - 2055 to 1650 B.C. - Egyptian expansion by conquest - military protected expanded territory - traders traveled to Kush, Syria, Mesopotamia, Crete (Egypt divided into provinces run by pharaohs’ appointed governors) Government: Pharaohs = kings Believed to be gods Pharaohs = center of Egyptian religion, government, and army GOVERNMENT and RELIGION = inseparable in ancient Egypt polytheistic = worshipped many gods pharaoh = head of state and a living god on earth = earthly form of Ra, the sun god Religion and government brought order to society through: construction of temples creation of laws taxation organization of labor trade systems with neighbors defense of Egypt’s interests Ancient Egypt achieved stability through co-operation of all levels of population PHAROAH at top of the social hierarchy • Next to pharaohs, most powerful = viziers, executive heads of the bureaucracy • Under viziers = high priests • At the bottom of the hierarchy = scribes, artisans, farmers, and laborers Cities: - pyramids, tombs, temples, palaces made of stone - high degree of architectural and engineering skill - large workforce EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS decorated with paintings, stone carvings, hieroglyphs, statues - art told stories of pharaohs, the gods, the common people, and the natural world Ancient Mystery: The Pyramids Immortality of the Pharaoh Egyptians believed pharaohs ruled even after death had an eternal spirit, ka, that continued to participate in governing Egypt also believed the ka remained like a living pharaoh in its needs and desires so pharaohs’ tombs needed: eternal comforts: decorated walls of burial chamber with pictures of pharaohs’ families, pets, etc. luxuries: jewelry, game boards, precious stones, clothing inscriptions: writings describing pharaohs’ achievements Girls Rule…literally. Before the Greco-Roman period, at least three women ascended to Egypt’s throne Most important: Queen HATSHEPSUT ROYAL WOMEN: - royal mothers, wives, daughters derived status from their relationships with the pharaoh - Pharaohs had multiple wives, large families Ramses II: eight wives, over a hundred children To keep the royal bloodline pure, kings often married within their families Pyramids -part of a funerary complex -pharaohs, family of pharaohs, and nobles were buried in the complexes Modes of Expression/Technological Innovations Advances in mathematics aided in construction of massive monuments Development of accurate 365-day calendar Hieroglyphics form of Egyptian writing based on pictorial characters that represented words and sounds Rosetta Stone inscribed in different languages helped decipher ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writings only surviving fragment of a larger stone slab Decline of Old Kingdom Power of pharaohs declined More and more power fell to nobles and officials. Local rulers struggled among themselves for power Civil war tore Egypt apart Return of Royal Power: The Middle Kingdom (2080-1640 B.C.) Strong kings return law & order to Egypt Farming revived, trade grew, arts flourished. Capital moved from Memphis to Thebes Public projects funded by increased trade Changes in religious beliefs: - afterlife for commoners: Old Kingdom: only pharaohs immortal Middle Kingdom: belief developed that common people also had eternal souls Above: Coffin of a Middle Kingdom Official Second Decline Civil war breaks out again Egypt became prey to outside invaders Egyptians ruled by Hyksos (Asian Nomads) from 1640-1570 B.C. Egyptians despised “less civilized” Hyksos Hyksos Bring New Skills to Egyptians Ability to make bronze for tools and weapons (Egyptians used copper) Ability to wage war from horse-drawn chariots Used powerful new kind of bow New spinning and weaving techniques The New Kingdom: Age of Empires (1570-1075 B.C.) Egypt = greater power & wealth than ever before King Tutankhamon ruled Egyptians became conquerors Professional army assembled, included bowmen, charioteers, infantry Above: Nov. 4, 2007: King Tut's mummy, unmasked and on public display in Egypt for the first time since being discovered Right: facial-reconstruction model of King Tut made by a French team based on CT scans of the boy king's mummy Right: One of the two mummified fetuses found in tomb of King Tut in 1922. Shown during modern preparations for DNA test in Cairo, Egypt Female Rule Queen Hatshepsut declared herself pharaoh around 1478 B.C. (stepson was too young to rule) ruled for 22 years better known for encouraging trade than waging war Queen Hatshepsut Above: Archaeologists today used a missing tooth to positively identify the mummy of Hatshepsut, Egypt's greatest woman pharaoh who reigned more than 3,000 years ago. The Temple at Deir-El-Bahri Hatshepsut was an 18th-dynasty pharaoh who was one of a handful of female rulers in Ancient Egypt. Her reign was the longest of all the female pharaohs, and her funerary temple still stands as a tribute to her incredible rise to power. The Temple at Deir-El-Bahri Queen Hatshepsut Cont… Carved scenes on her great funeral temple show her officials on a trade expedition to the east African coast buying myrrh, frankincense, ebony, ivory, & leopard skins No one knows whether Hatshepsut died naturally or was murdered by her stepson (Thutmose III) Warrior Pharaoh Thutmose III proved to be a more warlike ruler than his stepmother 1450 - 1425 B.C.: conducted 15 victorious invasions into Palestine and Syria. His armies also pushed south as far as Nubia & returned with thousands of slaves Images of Thutmose III Meeting Their Match 1300 B.C.: Egyptians came face to face with the Hittites armies met at Kadesh in 1288 B.C. fought each other to a stand-still The pharaoh and Hittite king made a treaty, promising “peace and brotherhood between us forever” For the rest of the century the two kingdoms were allies Age of Builders Old Kingdom builders built pyramids for pharaoh’s tombs pyramids were too visible and easily robbed Rulers of New Kingdom built tombs beneath desert cliffs site they chose was the remote Valley of the Kings near Thebes Tutankhamen's tomb (lower left) in the Valley of the Kings in western Thebes, Egypt. Ramses II One of Egypt’s greatest rulers of New Kingdom -reigned for 67 years (1279-1212 B.C.). -lived to 99, father of 150 children -created giant temple of Amon (Egyptian’s chief god) -buildings were huge and impressive, but not as skillfully built as those of Old Kingdom Temple of Amon at Karnak Egypt’s Power Declines Again 1200 B.C.: invasions destroyed many kingdoms Egyptian records speak of attacks by “The People of the Sea.” Little is known of these invaders, but left behind vast destruction Both the Egyptian and Hittite kingdoms fell to these mysterious enemies 671 B.C.: Assyrians took over Egypt 571 B.C.: Persians conquered Egypt