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Chapters 5 and 6 – Media Coverage • Four Topics We’ll Be Covering: 1. Bias in news reporting… 2. Propaganda Techniques* 3. “Hype” in news coverage 4. Ethical responsibilities of the media Topic #1: Recognizing Bias & “Slanted Words” This is not rocket science, simply be aware of “slants” or “bias” in the news. It may be obvious, it may be very subtle, but it’s almost always there. Bias/Slanted News Coverage • CNN – Obama appeals to Pepsi drinkers • FOX – Obama declares war on Coke • BBC – ISIS carries out executions while Obama does nothing Afghanistan The Media’s use of Lively/Heated Threaten/Warn Riot/Demonstration Plan/Scheme Aggressive/Assertive Explained/Insisted Bold/Shrill Agenda/Platform Lecture/Speech Integrity/Stubbornness In regards to GOV shutdowns in recent years: ‘Breaking News: Senate Kills House Bill’ (FOXNews, September 30, 2013) ‘Breaking News: Senate Rejects House Bill’ (MSNBC, September 30, 2013) ‘War Imminent as Hussein Rejects Ultimatum’ (New York Times, March 19, 2003) ‘Saddam Scorns U.S. Ultimatum (New York Daily News, March 19, 2003) ‘Butcher Tells U.S. – Come and Get Me’ (New York Post, March 19, 2003) ‘Baghdad Rejects Bush’s Warning’ (ArabicNews.com, March 19, 2003) Hillary spoke at the National Convention on Friday. Her chat was followed by an address by Senator Joe Lieberman. Swiss men’s tennis player Roger Federer beat his opponent soundly in straight sets. It was also 6-0, 6-0 for America’s sweetheart, Serena Williams The Navy’s mission team included four aviators from Miramar and one female aviator from the Naval Air Station. 11 year-old boy charged with murder, was an avid hunter. Two organizations sent representatives to the hearing: The Griffin Group, a conservative lobbying group, and the Burchard Group, a non-profit advocacy institute. Young woman, 22, was bound and raped repeatedly for 10 days. (One station reported she was a prostitute and went to his house for “business”, the other station never mentioned it) Topic #2: Propaganda and the various Techniques used Propaganda The methods and approaches used to spread ideas that further a political, commercial, religious cause. Why use Propaganda? To manipulate the viewers' reason and emotions; to persuade you to believe in something or someone, buy an item, or vote a certain way. Propaganda is amoral Not right or wrong…it just “is” and you have to decide good or bad Propaganda Many techniques are used not only in politics, but in marketing as well. Propaganda In terms of Government, Who regulates all of this? 1. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulates advertising. Their role is consumer protection 2. (FCC – TV, Radio, cell phones, internet, etc..) The IPA 1937-1942 An organization composed of social scientists, opinion leaders, historians, educators, and journalists. “To teach people how to think rather than what to think.” The IPA created the ABC’s of propaganda: 7 basic techniques very much used and discussed today #1 Name-Calling Barack Obama is a liberal. Obama’s foreign policy is “feckless.” “Romney-Hood” “Do we want a lazy politician representing us?” WASHINGTON, D.C. -- The burning question in the U.S. presidential election is, when will the "your mama" jokes start? With the fate of the world's most powerful country hanging in the balance, President Barack Obama and his Republican rival Mitt Romney turned to childish name calling on the campaign trail this week. ----Toronto Sun times #2 Glittering Generalities (Virtue Words) Making broad statements that really say nothing of importance. “If elected, I will get this country back on track!” A vote for me is a vote for peace and security #3 Transfer Attempting to make viewers apply their feelings of love, admiration, distrust, or disgust from one thing to something else totally unrelated. (blatant and subliminally) Republican endorsers say Obama “may be a Muslim” Sometimes the images are “subliminal” Transfer as “Name Dropping” Rick Perales mentioned he was at Mitt Romney’s $1,000 a plate fundraiser. #4 Testimonial “Our customers say……” #5 Plain Folks Many lawfirms are from big cities; Dyer, Garafalo, Mann and Shultz have always been from right here in Dayton, Ohio. #6 Card Stacking Emphasizing one side and repressing another. (bias) #7 Bandwagon Don’t be the last on your block to own a new Chevrolet ! “hundreds of people have taken advantage of …….” “One of the hottest trends right now” “Trending” “One of the hottest trends right now” Many different (and similar) techniques have been added/identified through the years as politics and advertising have evolved “Ad Hominem” An assertion which usually attacks a person, rather than looking at the merits of their argument. You can’t trust Jane Higgins to be your mayor, she’s just a soccer mom! *Reverse ad hominem may work as well… Jane Higgins is such a professionally dressed woman, she will make a great mayor. Appeal to Authority Referring to a well-known expert to strengthen an argument. Scientific Appeal Providing the audience with survey results and statistical evidences to publicize their product. (overlaps many times with A.T.A.) Appeal to Elitism Appeal to the audience’s desire to be better than other people. Appeal to Tradition Something is better simply because it is older. This government has worked for over 200 years, why change it? “Vote to keep the curfew in effect in Beavercreek, after all, it’s been around for 15 years now! …any ad with “since(year)” Appeal to Emotion Sex Appeal Euphemisms and Dysphemisms Euphemism: a polite expression used in place of something that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear. Dysphemism: The opposite: making something sound worse Car dealerships no longer sell “used cars;” they sell “______ vehicles.” Euphemisms • • • • • • • “Passed away” “Collateral damage “ “Birds and the Bees” “Gentlemen’s Club” “Fricken” Correctional facility “Put to sleep“ Dysphemisms • • • • • • “Feminazi” Junk Food Snail Mail You’re chicken He’s a pig B*tch! False Dilemma Framing an argument in a misleading way, as though there are only two possible options. Making illogical assumptions Superintendent Jones opposes school prayer. She must be an atheist. DirectTV Ads “Don’t wake up in a roadside ditch” Straw-Man Ignoring a person's actual position and substituting a distorted, or misrepresented version of that position. (very similar to a false dilemma) "Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I can't understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that." Fear Disaster will result if people do not follow a particular course of action. Storm Center 7 Weather can save your life! Fear Help! I’ve fallen….and I can’t get up!! Repetition Topic #3: Hype & Sensationalism Media The 4th branch of government? SO ? They hype Are the media outlets actually the up some onesstories who set the agenda? Multiple reasons lie behind the lack of real investigative journalism today and the plethora of simplistic, eyecatching stories. $$$ and Media Conglomerates Did the shift from issues to character result from the shift from newspapers to television (and computers today)? Does the press meet its obligation to provide objective, issue-based coverage or does the media tend to focus on the trivial and sensational?? Topic #4: Ethics Freedom of the Press has been crucial in facilitating the political discourse and education necessary for the maintenance of democracy. (Code of Ethics) Ethics 1. the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment; moral philosophy 2. the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc. WIKILEAKS Is it ever ethical to….