Download AODV (Adaptive On-Demand Distance Vector) Routing Protocol. [3

Survey of MANET Based on Routing Protocols
Rupali Sawant
M.Tech CSE & RGPV
Email:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Routing protocols is a combination of rules and procedures
for combining information which also received from other
routers. Routing protocols are of interdomain and intradomain
types. Protocols are the instructions, rules which used to route
data .Routing classified as traditional routing, wired method
of routing and wireless routing. Wireless routing handles
multihop communication for symmetric as well as asymmetric
links. MANET is a wireless Ad-hoc network. MANET
extended as (mobile Ad-hoc network).MANET easily handles
changing topology. Due to high level of topological changes
(dynamic characteristic), reliable and fast routing of data
packets from the source to the destination MANET is an
important area of study for researchers. MANET is part of
Ad-hoc network means MANET is wireless Ad-hoc network.
MANET routes data on n number of paths. In Ad-hoc network
various protocols used for routing data. This survey based on
study of protocols which essential for MANET. In MANET
study of DSDV, TORA, DSR, AODV is essential because it
easily handle changing topology.
Keywords
MANET,Routing,IMEP
INTRODUCTION
no fixed base station, it works on mobile nodes ,it shows Adhoc configuration which is not having prior infrastructure
means it is infrastructureless.Still it is hot research area
because it works better on mobile nodes.
Wireless Ad-hoc
Network
Wireless
Mesh
Network
WMN
Mobile Adhoc Network
MANET
Vehicle Ad-hoc
Network
(VANET)
Wireless
Sensor
NetworkWS
N)
Intelligent
vehicle Ad-hoc
Network
(InVANET)
Fig 1: Wireless Ad-hoc Network
Routing is the process of transaction between data packets in a
network. Routing classified in various groups like traditional
routing, wireline routing, wireless routing.etc. Traditional
routing not efficient due to slow convergence time, it is not
able to deal with asymmetric link. Wired routing mostly
comfortable with symmetric link not work on asymmetric
link. To overcome this problem there is ad-hoc wireless
network which can easily operate on mobile nodes (MANET)
.In recent year MANET (mobile Ad-hoc network) mainly
used for multihop communication. As word Ad-hoc included
in MANET, it differs from word wired, which mean MANET
is wireless network. Temporary, having not fixed base station,
infrastructureless these various terminologies used for Ad-hoc
network.
Wireless ad-hoc network along with sub types of MANET
(Mobile Ad-hoc network) is shown in fig1. and fig.2 shows
diagrammatic representation of MANET. From fig. 2 it is
clear that MANET is having
Fig 2: Mobile Ad-hoc Network ( MANET )
their routes by periodically distributing routing table
throughout the network.
As shown in fig.1 Wireless Ad-hoc network again classified
as wireless mesh network, Mobile Ad-hoc network
(MANET), Wireless sensor network. MANET also
categorized into Vehicle Ad-hoc network (VANET) and
Intelligent vehicle Ad-hoc Network (InVANET).This paper
based on study related to wireless Ad-hoc network MANET.
MANET(MobileAd-hoc network) is infrastructureless
network. The network in which base stations are not fixed,
operates on asymmetric links, random nodes is called as
infrastructureless network. With this network various
protocols works for routing data, Routing is the process of
data transfer in between source and destination. In the process
of routing protocols are essential. Routing protocols mainly of
two types:
Ondemand protocols also refer as Reactive protocol. This
types of protocols find a route on demand by flooding the
network with route request packets.
For MANET in next section discussed overview of unicast
routing protocols those works better on rapidly changing
network topology.
Desirable properties of MANET are:-
1. It works better for distributed operation which is difficult in
wired network.
2. Its have loop freedom.
1. Unicast routing protocols and
3. Provide demand based operation.
2. Multicast routing protocols.
4. It can easily operate on unplanned, dynamic links.
Unicast protocols are AODV, DSR, ZRP, DSDV, TORA,
CBRP, and CEDAR
5. No need of expensive infrastructure.
6. Fast distribution of messages between sender and receiver.
Multicast protocols are MAODV, AMROUTE, ODMRP, and
AMRIS
This study of MANET extended with unicast routing
protocols because main purpose of MANET is to handle
random mobile nodes, works on dynamic links and changing
topology, which is possible with unicast routing protocols.
Classification of unicast routing protocols along with dig.
given in fig.1.3
Applications of MANET ( Mobile Ad-hoc
Network )

MANET used mostly every sector like military
applications for location detection, machinery
simulation

Scientific and Research Application,

Educational purpose such as online teaching
learning process, data searching also for

Medical applications

Engineering applications.
ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Work efficiently on mobile nodes, changing topology is main
aspect of MANET In this section discussion on such protocols
is given.
DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance
Vector) [3,4, 8]
Fig 1: Ad-hoc Routing Protocol.
Table driven also refer as proactive protocols. Table driven
protocols each time maintains fresh list of destinations and
Destination sequence distance vector routing protocol is a
table driven routing protocol.DSDV mainly supports unicast
routing. In this each node contains sequence number for each
hop in a routing table. It also contains metric of that node. It
reacts rapidly on hop as it keeps record of sequence number of
each hop. So, it is again called as reactive routing protocol.
With proper use of sequence number DSDV can avoid loops.
In DSDV the route having lowest sequence number is more
favourable route. In DSDV each node knows state and
topology of entire network. With this benefit of DSDV is it
also guaranteed loop freedom.
Limitations of DSDV
DSDV performs periodically not good when mobility
increases.
Perform slow reaction on restricting and failure of packets.
TORA (Temporary Ordered Routing
Algorithm) [1,2,3]
TORA is on-demand source initiated routing protocol, it
discovers route on demand. It uses IMEP(Internet MANET
encapsulation protocol) as transport for reliable guaranteed in
order delivery for routing messages.TORA discovers multiple
routes to destination and goes from
upstream and
downstream like flowing water .
Limitations of TORA
TORA specially designed to minimized overhead
but still contain high routing overhead, because
when many sources transmitting simultaneously
TORA can’t find path.
TORA never try to find shortest path.
If TORA tried to find shortest path more congestion
created.
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) [3,4,5]
DSR is source initiated routing protocol which comes under
category of on-demand routing protocol.DSR is source based
so, it uses source routing rather than hop by hop routing.
Like,DSDV it also mainly supports unicast routing . In DSR
no need to keep up to date routing information because DSR
basically works on route discovery and route maintenance.
With route discovery it floods the route request message and
gives reply to given request with route reply.
Benefit of DSR is it always delivers 95% of packets in all
cases.
AODV (Adaptive On-Demand Distance
Vector) Routing Protocol. [3,5,6,7]
AODV is on-demand routing protocol. AODV is combination
of DSR and DSDV. AODV has uniform packet size. It
supports to both unicast and multicast routing in better
revision. It takes basic on-demand mechanism of route
discovery and route maintenance from DSR, and hop-by-hop
routing from DSDV.In AODV each node only keeps next hop
information. All nodes along route reply create forward route
to the destination.
In AODV routing overhead increases as mobility increases
but benefit is it controls the overhead when the number of
nodes increases.
AODV supports multicasting and unicasting within a uniform
framework.
AODV offers quick alteration to dynamic link conditions, low
processing and memory overhead, low memory utilization,
and determines unicast routes to destinations within adhoc
network.
Benefit of DSR is it always delivers 95% of packets in all
cases which is also characteristic of AODV.
CONCLUSION
After the study of unicast routing protocol DSDV, TORA,
DSR, AODV for MANET conclusion comes that DSDV is
table driven routing protocol which performs periodically not
good when mobility increases. If TORA tried to find shortest
path more congestion created so, TORA never try to find
shortest path it increased large amount of overhead. Also in
TORA increased in number of nodes can affect performance
of network. DSR performs good.AODV is on demand routing
protocol which is combination of DSDV and DSR.AODV
works better in route maintenance and route discovery. DSR
and AODV always deliver at least 95% of packets sent in all
cases. Conclusion of this survey is DSR and AODV can
perform better for MANET.
AODV also offers quick alteration to dynamic link conditions,
low processing and memory overhead, low memory
utilization, and determines unicast routes to destinations
within adhoc network.
In future scope this study will get extended on MANET to
reduced overhead of data and to provide efficient routing by
minimizing delay which occurs while packet transmission
with AODV (ADAPTIVE ON-DEMAND ROUTING
PROTOCOL).
Appendix A
Acronyms
AODV
DSDV
Adaptive On-demand distance vector
Destination sequence distance vector
DSR
Dynamic Source routing
IMEP
Internet MANET encapsulation protocol
MANET Mobile Ad-hoc network
TORA
Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm
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