Download Bacteria Outline

Bacteria Outline
1. Bacteria are __________________________(single cells that do not contain a nucleus).
2. Bacteria are living things that are neither______________________, but belong to a group all by
themselves.
3. Shape is used for _______________________________________.
4. ________________(coccus) may exist as a single, most often exits as a multi-cell form.
5. Two cocci ______________________________(diplococcus)
6. Chains of cocci (_________________________________)
7. ____________________________________(staphylococcus)
8. Packets of ___________________ (Sarcina)
9. Rod-like (___________________________), Short to very long filaments
10. Two bacilli joined together (___________________________)
11. __________________of bacilli (streptobacillus)
12. ____________________(staphylobacillus)
13. Packets of eight (__________________________)
14. Spirals - __________________________ appearance
15. The ___________________of the cell wall varies among species and is an important character
for __________________________________________________________bacteria.
16. There are broadly speaking two different types of cell wall in bacteria, called
_________________________________and________________________________________.
17. In this diagram, the bacterium has a fairly thick cell wall made of
____________________________________________(carbohydrate polymers cross-linked by
proteins); such bacteria retain a __________________________ color when stained with a dye
known as crystal violet, and are known as Gram-positive.
18. Other bacteria have double cell walls, with a ______________________________wall of
peptidoglycan and an outer wall of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Such bacteria
_______________________________stain purple with crystal violet and are known as Gramnegative.
19. Many but not all bacteria exhibit motility, i.e. _______________________________________
20. Motion can be achieved by one of three mechanisms:
21. ___________________________(singular, flagellum)
22. ____________________________________________ (a specialized internal structure which is
responsible for rotation of the cell in a spiral fashion and consequent locomotion of the
Spirochaetes a helical bacterium.)
23. ______________________(as seen with gliding bacteria)
24. In some bacteria, there is only a single flagellum - such cells are
called___________________________. The flagellum is usually located at
____________________________________________(polar).
25. Some bacteria have a single flagellum at both ends -______________________________.
26. Many bacteria have numerous flagella; if these are located as a _____________ at one end of
the cell, this is described as lophotrichous (e.g. Chromatium), if they are distributed all over the
cell, as _____________________________.
27. Flagella consist of a_____________________, rigid cylinder composed of a protein
called___________________________________, 20 nm in diameter and 15-20 µm long which
protrude from the cell surface.
28. Flagellae are, in effect, _____________________________________-comprising a number of
proteinaceous rings embedded in the cell wall.
29. In action, the filament ________________________at speeds from 200 to more than 1,000
revolutions per second, driving the rotation of the flagellum. The
___________________________________________determines the movement of the cell.
30. Fimbriae and pili are interchangeable terms used to designate ___________________________
structures on the surfaces of procaryotic cells. They are composed of____________________.
31. Generally, fimbriae have ____________________to do with bacterial movement. They are most
often involved in _______________________of bacteria to surfaces, substrates and other cells
or tissues in nature.
32. Fimbriae are very _____________________ in Gram-negative bacteria, but occur in some
archaea and Gram-positive bacteria as well.
33. The bacteria which cause disease in mammals and birds usually grow best at ______________
temperatures.
34. Many bacteria which cause diseases in hydra, snakes, turtles, and other cold-blooded animals,
are not able to cause disease in birds or mammals because the _______________ body
temperatures _______________these bacteria or limit their growth.
35. Competition for food, Predation and Antibiotics produced by others are methods of
___________________________________________________.
36. Another method used for classification is to determine the biochemical pathway it uses. Many
bacteria use ________________________(carbon compounds) as energy sources, digesting
complex carbohydrates such as starches and table sugar down to ______________sugars
37. Other bacteria can digest proteins down to __________________________.
38. Bacteria can be _______________________________to determine whether they can ferment
various carbohydrates or hydrolyze starches, lipids and proteins.
39. ______________________________________antibiotics prevent growth and reproduction.
40. ______________________________________antibiotics actually destroy the organism.
41. Antibiotics are effective in _____________________________ concentrations.
42. Four modes of action:
a. ____________________________of cell wall formation (penicillin)
b. ______________________________ to the cell membrane (novobiocin)
c. ______________________________________ with protein synthesis (tetracycline)
d. Inhibition of _______________________________________-activities (actinomycin)
43. Antibiotics are classified according to ____________________criteria and although that
category contains several drugs each one of them is unique in some features and effects.
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a. Spectrum: The number of the organisms affected by the
_________________________drug. There are narrow and wide spectrum antibiotics.
The ____________spectrum antibiotics affect several types of bacteria and it is usually
used where the __________________ type of the microorganism is unknown.
b. Type of action: It could be bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The
___________________________- antibiotics kill the harmful microorganism. The
bacteriostatic ones tend to _________________________________their growth and
give the body the chance to use its immune system against the microorganisms
c. Route of administration of the drug: The prevalent route of administration is the
________________ route but, there are other routes of administration that are more
effective in certain cases like ______________________or topical applications.
Over the past decade, antimicrobial ______________________________has emerged in all
kinds of micro-organisms worldwide. This is primarily due to the increase in
antibiotic_______________.
People/animals infected with antimicrobial-resistant organisms are more likely to
have_______________________________ , more expensive hospital stays, and may be more
likely to ______________________as a result of the infection.
Antibiotic Therapy: Identify infecting organism;_____________________________________;
Target site of infection; Drug safety/__________________________________; Patient factors;
Cost
Bacteria and other microorganisms that cause infections are remarkably
___________________________and can develop ways to _____________________ drugs
meant to kill or weaken them
Antibiotic resistance ________________________-naturally via natural selection through
random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary
___________________ on a population.
Antibiotic Abuse: The __________________________of antibiotics to the feeds of animals to
increase the growth rate by 10-50%; _________________________________of antibiotics to
patients with virus caused infections; Prescribing antibiotics as _________________________;
Not ___________________________the full course of the prescription of antibiotic.
The Kirby-Bauer test for_______________________________, called the disc diffusion test, is a
standard that has been used for years.
The basics are easy: The bacterium is _________________________ on the agar and the
antibiotic discs are placed on top; The antibiotic ________________________from the disc into
the agar in decreasing amounts the further it is away from the disc.
If the organism is killed or inhibited by the ________________________of the antibiotic, there
will be _______________growth in the immediate area around the disc: This is called the
________________________________________________.
Results from the plates will help ____________________________what antibiotics could be
used.
This is needed when dealing with bacteria that have developed
________________________________to many of the commonly prescribed antibiotics.
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___________________= rod shaped
Coccus – globular – __________________________
_____________________ = helix shape
Strepto = __________________________
Diplocci = ______________________________________
Tetrads = ______________________ cells arranges as squares
Streptocarpus lactid = lactococci: Gram______________________; Ferment lactid acid
contained in milk = Bleu cheese
Streptocarpus pyogenes: Gram positive, ______________________; Non
_______________forming; Chains or pairs; May present as:
a. Strep throat
b. Scarlet fever (rash)
c. Impetigo (infection of the superficial layers of skin
d. Cellulitis (infection of the deep layers of ski
Bacillus botulinum = clostridium botulinum: ________________gram positive anaerobic
bacillus; Motile with __________________; Spore forming; Botulism
Bacillus anthracis: Gram positive; Aerobic bacillus; _________motile; Spore forming;
_________________
Bacillus tetani = Clostridium tetani: Obligate; Gram __________________; Spore-forming;
_____________________________; Exotoxin
Bacillus lactis: Create _____________________________from what they consume; Lactic acid
causes destruction; _____________________________________.
Bacillus typhoid = salmonella typhis: __________________shape with flagella;
___________________; Transmitted in fluids; Gram _______________________; Can be
carriers; Typhoid fever
Diplococcup meningitidis (Neisseria): Gram _______________________; Encapsulated;
Menigitis: Septicaemia
Diplococuus pneumonia = Streptoccocus: Gram _________________; Unencapsulated
Staphlococcus aureus: Gram positive; _____________________; Clusters like _____________;
Non motile; Non ________________; Staph infection,Boils, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome,
folliculitis
Treponema pallidum: Spirochete with _________________________; Syphilis
EXTRA CREDIT: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/vlabs/bacterial_id/index.html
Do first sample completely, identify bacteria
Complete 2 additional samples of your choice
30 extra credit points