Download English Lit.

A Course on
English Literature
Prepared for: *Stars*
New Horizons Certified Professional Course
1
Company Confidential
Parts of Speech
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The Noun
The Pronoun
The Adjective
The Verb
The Adverb
The Preposition
The Conjunction
The Interjection
The Noun
(Naming Word)
A Noun is a word which is used as the
name of a person, a place, a thing, an
action, quality or state.
Exmp: Nupur is beautiful.
The Pronoun
(Substituting Word)
The Pronoun is a word which is used in
place of a noun.
Exmp: Mukul did not come as he was not
well.
Types of Pronoun
There are eight types of pronoun but the main three are here:
1.Personal Pronouns
I, we, you, they, she or any thing.
2.Interrogative Pronoun
Who, whose, whom, which, what
3.Relative Pronoun
That pronoun which joints the two sentences.
Ex: I met Meenakshii, who returned my book.
He broke my pencil, which I bought yesterday.
The Adjective
(Qualifying Word)
An adjective is a word which adds
something to the meaning of a Noun or
Pronoun.
It tells what kind of person, place, or thing.
A noun or a pronoun is.
• It may also point out which one or how
many.
Types of Adjective
There are eight types of adjectives but the main four are here:
1) Adjective of quality
This shows noun’s quality, inferiority, fault, colour, structure
etc..
A blue lily, a fast friend, a cleaver girl
2) Proper Adjective
Those adjective which make by proper noun called proper
adjectives.
The Mauryan Empire; A Chinese pilgrim; The Indian
soldiers; the Buddhist religion.
EXAMPLES:
• That bear is black.
• The ship was an English vessel. (what kind)
• This factory is mine. (which one)
• Many people enjoy the annual dinner. (how
many, which one)
Types of Adjective
3) Adjective of Quantity
The adjective which shows quantity of good
Some sugar; much weight; more food; enough
water; sufficient labour; no sense.
4) Adjective of number
The word which shows goods number
Ten temples; for cow; fourth row; single desk
etc..
The Adverb
(Modifying Word)
An Adverb is a word that modifies every
part of speech except a Noun, pronoun
and interjection.
Example: Maansii is very sincere.
Types of Adverb
There are three type of adverbs:
1)Simple Adverb
2)Relative Adverb
3)Interrogative Adverb
Simple Adverb
• Simple adverb shows: Time, place, number or frequency,
manner, reason, degree and affirmation or negation.
It own has 7 types. 5 important adverbs are here:
1) Adverbs of manner which show how. (Example 1)
Remember: all the adverbs which makes by adjectives
and have –ly in the end are ADVERBS OF MANNER.
2)Adverbs of time, which show when. (Example 2)
After, agr, early, late, now, then, soon, today, recently,
shortly, immediately, afterwards etc.
Simple Adverb
Cont.
3)Adverbs of place which show where. (Example 3)
Here, there, in, out, up, down, which, without, above,
below, inside, near, away anywhere, backward etc.
4) Adverbs of Frequency or number which show how
often. (Example 4)
Once, twice, thrice, always, never, seldom, often,
frequently, secondly, thirdly, again.
5) Adverbs of Degree which show how much. (Example 5)
Very, much, more, too, quite, little, rather, partly, fully,
wholly, so, any, enough, pretty, as, almost.
Adverb
Cont.
• Relative Adverb
Relative adverbs joints two sentences.
– This is the place where Gandhiji was shot dead.
– He knows the way how a car is driven.
– This is the reason why she was late.
Adverb
Cont.
• Interrogative Adverbs
– Why are you so sad?
– How are you feeling these days?
They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.
The Verb
(Saying Word)
A Verb is a word used to say something
about some person, place or thing.
Example: Sugar tastes sweet.
The Preposition
(Governing Word)
A Preposition is a word which is used
before a Noun or Pronoun to show its
relation to some other word in the
sentence.
Example : I hit the dog with
the stick.
Types of Preposition
There are three types of Prepositions
1) Simple Prepositions
In, on, at, to, from, with, by etc...
2) Compound prepositions
About, across, among, between, beside, before etc..
3) Phrase prepositions
According to, in spite of, on account of, in front of, in order
to, for the sake of, by means of, with reference to, in
addition to, due to etc..
The Conjunction
(Connecting Word)
A Conjunction is a word which is used to
join two words, clauses or sentences.
Example: Raman is tall and handsome.
Type Of Conjunctions
There are Two types of conjuction
1) Co-ordinating conjunction
2) Subordinating conjunction
Co-ordinating conjunction
(i) Cumulative conjunctions
and, also, both…and, as well as, now, too, no less than.
(ii) Alternative Conjunctions
either………or, neither………nor, else, or, otherwise
(iii) Adversative conjunctions
but, yet, still, only, however, nevertheless, while, whereas
(iv) Illative conjunctions
(in this one sentence is the result of the second
sentence)
for, therefore, so, then, so then
Subordinating conjunction
This conjunction is subordinates the principle clause. (besides
this whole sentence doesn’t have any meaning) This shows:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Time
Place
Cause
Purpose
Result
Condition
Manner
Comparison
Contrast
Using a Comma
• Before every joining word, a comma (,) must
be used
Example: “I like soup, and I like sandwiches.”
• You also must check that a and/or can be
used by taking out the , and/, or and replacing
it with a period.
The Interjection
(Exclamatory Word)
An Interjection is a word which expresses some
sudden feelings or emotions.
Example: Hurrah! I have stood first.
MODALS
Modal Verbs
All the auxiliary verbs that
express the mode of action
denoted by the main verbs are
called modals.
Characteristics of Modals
1.
This shows action, ability, power, permission, request,
possibility, willingness.
2.
This always use with the main verb. It can not use
alone.
3.
It doesn't effected by number of subject, gender and
person.
4.
It doest have any forms
5.
It is not used in tenses
Main Modals
•
•
•
•
•
Can
Could
May
Might
Must
•
•
•
•
•
Ought to
Shall
Should
Will
Would
Present & past
combinations
Base form of
modal
Can
Combined with Combined with
present tense
past tense
Can
Could
Will
Will
Would
May
May
Might
Shall
Shall
Should
Must
Must
Had to
Can
CAN is used to indicate the possession of an ABILITY.
They can control
their own budgets.
Ability / Possibility
We can’t fix it.
Inability / Impossibility
Can I smoke here?
Asking for permission
Can you help me?
Request
Different ways to express
ability
•
•
•
•
•
Can
Be able to
Be capable of (ING)
Have the ability to
Know how to
May
May I have another cup
of coffee?
Asking for permission
CAN / MAY are also used to give PERMISSION.
May
China may become a
major economic power.
Future possibility
CAN / MAY are used to indicate a present or future POSSIBILITY
Could
Could I borrow your dictionary?
Asking for permission.
Could you say it again more
slowly?
Request
We could try to fix it ourselves.
Suggestion
I think we could have another Gulf
War.
Future possibility
He gave up his old job so he
could work for us.
Ability in the past
Might
Possible Action In The Future
• We'd better phone
tomorrow,
they
might be eating their
dinner now.
• They might give us
a 10% discount.
Present possibility
Future possibility
Must
MUST is often used to indicate OBLIGATION.
• We must say goodbye now.
Necessity /
Obligation
• They mustn’t disrupt
the work more than
necessary.
Prohibition
Ought to
To give someone advice
• We ought to employ a
professional writer.
Saying what’s
right or correct
Shall
• Shall I help you with
your luggage?
Offer
• Shall we say 2.30
then?
Suggestion
• Shall I do that or will
you?
Asking what to do
Should
SHOULD is often used to indicate what is regarded as
PROBABLE or reasonably EXPECTED
• We should sort out
this problem at once.
Saying what’s right or
correct
Should
• I think we should
check everything
again.
• Profits should
increase next year.
Recommending
action
Uncertain
prediction
Will
• I can’t see any taxis so I’ll
walk.
Instant decisions
• I'll do that for you if you
like.
Offer
• I’ll get back to you first
thing on Monday.
Promise
• Profits will increase next
year.
Certain prediction
Would
• Would you mind if I brought a
colleague with me?
Asking for permission
• Would you pass the salt
please?
Request
• "Would three o'clock suit you?"
- "That’d be fine."
Making arrangements
• Would you like to play golf this
Friday?
Invitation
• "Would you prefer tea or
coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."
Preferences
Other use of “Would”
If ‘HAVE’ is added to ‘would’ it becomes ‘would
have’ The meaning of ‘would have’ is past
imaginary action.
‘WOULD BE’ is used in FUTURE for WORK TO
BE DONE. If ‘be’ is added to ‘would’, It becomes
‘would be’i.e. action to be done in future.
Used to
it is use to express an action that repeated
regularly in the past.
When I was a child, my father used to read me a story at
night before bedtime.
I used to live in California.
He used to be married.
Be supposed to
• The game is supposed to begin at 10:00.
• I am supposed to go to the meeting.
• The children are supposed to behave.
*These sentences express expectations.
• Jack was supposed to call me last
night. I wonder why he didn’t.
*In the past it expresses unfulfilled expectations.
ASSIGNMENTS
• These sentences are wrong. Correct the
mistakes.
• He can playing tennis very well.
• We must to hurry or we’ll be late.
• At the meeting tomorrow he may mentioned the
problem.
• He’s been here for hours. He must been tired.
• She should knows the answer.
OUT
UNTIL
THROUGH
ACROSS
AMONG
PREPOSITION
DURING
BETWEEN
OVER
INTO
FROM
Prepositions
A preposition is a connecting word that shows
the relation of a noun or a pronoun to some
other word in a sentence. Avoid ending a
sentence with a preposition unless necessary to
prevent an awkward sentence construction.
However, avoid stacking prepositional phrases
on top of one another.
• Location (on, under, in)
• Timing (before, after, during)
• Direction (from, toward, to)
Here is a list of the most
common prepositions:
aboard
along
behind
but
(excep
t)
about
amid
below
by
in
on
since
up
above
among
beneath
down
inside
onto
through
upon
across
around
beside
during
into
out
to
with
after
at
between except
near
outside
toward
within
against
before
of
over
under
without
beyond
for
from
off
past
until
Use of IN
Prepositions of Place
• In
(For an enclosed space)
In before:
-
A country
A state
A province
A city
A room number
The neighborhood
In the house, in the
kitchen, in the living
room.
Example: Paarul is in Kitchen.
Use of IN
Prepositions of Time
• In
-
Months
Years
Centuries
Long periods
Seasons
In a minute; in a few
days; in two weeks
- Decade
- Age
Example:
Baby is born in the month of
December.
Use of ON
• On
• On
(For a surface)
Before:
- A street
- A road
- On the before a floor
- On the table
- On the wall
- Special days
- Days of the week
- Dates
Example: On Christmas
Use of AT
• At
• At
(For a point)
Before:
- A building number
- The store
- At work
- At home
- At school
- At the forum
- At the theater
- At the back of the class
-
A Precise time
The weekend
Night
Noon
Festive periods
Midnight
Use of TO
• To
– Going from one place to
another place.
– Comparison
– Before indirect object
Prepositions
Example
The mouse is on the table.
Two things: mouse + table
Relationship: one is on the other
The mouse is under the table.
Two things: mouse + table
Relationship: one is under the other
Prepositions
Example
The pizza in the oven is mine.
The girl by the door is my sister.
The runners raced around the track.
Prepositions
Example
The cookies are in the oven.
I sat with my mom.
I chose a book from the library.
Now it is your turn!
Write a sentence to describe where the girls are
standing.
Remember to use a prepositional phrase!
THE END!!!
GREAT JOB!!!