Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter Six – Chemistry in Biology – Study Guide for End of Chapter Section 6.1 – Atoms, Elements, Compounds Atomic structure – atoms, protons, electrons, neutrons, energy levels for electrons 2, 8, 18 Elements, compounds Chemical bonds – involve electrons of atoms and outer level either being filled or brought to 8 electrons o Covalent bonds – share electrons – form molecules such as water, glucose (C6H12O6), oxygen (O2) o Ionic bonds – transfer electrons Give up electrons to another atom – leaves a positively charged ion Receive electrons from another atom – creates a negatively charged ion Sodium chloride – Na+Cl- is an example of an ionic compound Section 6.2 – Chemical Reactions Reactants either form or break bonds to result in products Energy is either released or used Activation energy – amount needed to get a reaction going Catalyst / enzyme – special chemicals which by their presence lower the activation energy and speed up reactions without taking part in the reactions – act like a lock / key mechanism ALWAYS the same number of atoms in the reactants as in the products Section 6.3 – Water and Solutions Water is polar – has a positive and negative side which gives it unique properties Water contains H2O molecules, hydrogen ions, and hydroxyl ions Solutions of water can be acid, base, neutral and are measured on the pH scale from 0 – 14. (7 is neutral, less than 7 is acid, greater than 7 is basic or alkaline) Buffers are chemicals in cells that help keep the pH close to neutral Section 6.4 – The Building Blocks of Life All life forms are made of similar large molecules with a carbon skeleton (organic) These large molecules (polymers) are built from basic building blocks (monomers) that are connected in chains or rings so of which can be thousands of pieces long Carbohydrates – C,H,O – 2:1 hydrogens to oxygen, monomer is glucose, kinds include sugars, starches, glycogen, cellulose – used for energy source and structures Lipids – also of C,H,O – hydrogens to oxygen more than 2 to 1. Monomers are glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Types include fats, oils, waxes – used for energy storage, structural, protection Proteins – C,H,O,N – monomers are called amino acids (20 kinds) joined together in chains of 300 to 30,000 forming large twisting and turning molecules that provide structures for cells and also are enzymes to drive cell chemical reactions Nucleic Acids – C,H,O,N,P – monomers are called nucleotides (5 kinds) hooked together in very long chains. Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids are the blueprints for life (DNA and RNA)