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Pests of Orchards • • • • • • California red scale Grape vine moth Citrus leaf miner White louse scale Queensland fruit fly Phylloxera • • • • • • latkins2003 Anthracnose Lemon scab Melanose Spined citrus bug Other problems deficiencies California red scale • Order- Hemiptera ( hard) • Appearance – The adult female cover circular, conical orange/red. The winged adult male cover is oval & grey. Crawlers & adults inject a toxic poison in saliva latkins2003 California red scale California red scale crawlers Adult male California red scale. latkins2003 California red scale Damage- All of the above ground may be infested= Fruit blemishing, leaf yellowing, fall, twig & branch die back latkins2003 California red scale Plants affected- Citrus,Acacias,Willows, Olives. Most widespread pest of citrus in NSW. Conditions- Prefers dry inland or coastal, dust covering plants Very troublesome latkins2003 pest California scale Control • Biological-Red & blue ladybird beetle larvae ( Chilocorus spp). The adult beetle lays her eggs under scale cover= larvae feed • Aphytis melinus wasp lays her eggs under the scale cover of a second instar unmated female scale= hatched larvae feed, adult wasp also feed • Cultural- Keep trees healthy, do not over fertilise / overwater, • Control ants. They severely disrupt red scale parasites while tending red scale • Avoid excessive dust build up on leaves and fruit, (eg from manure mulches, kaolin clays) latkins2003 Californian scale - Control Cultural - Fine, talc-sized particles of ash from bush fires can also disrupt biological control. Washing trees to remove dust or ash particles can help solve this problem. Heavy fogs, drizzle, or rain can also help by either removing dust and ash particles or causing them to adhere to the leaf surface. Chemical- White/pest oil ( not on blossom) latkins2003 Citrus leaf miner • Order- Lepidoptera • Appearance –usually observed when leaves are damaged by larvae tunnels and pupal stage • Damage-The larvae tunnel down new shoots near tips or junctions = wilting , distortion and obvious tunnelling • Plants affected Citrus • Common on coast and has a major impact inland on citrus orchard industry latkins2003 Citrus leaf miner - Damage latkins2003 Citrus leaf miner latkins2003 Life cycle • Damage occurs in later summer and autumn • Larvae tunnel in surface layer of new leaves • Pupal chamber is formed at the end of the larval stage where the larva wraps itself in a silk casing at the edge of the leaf. • Adult lays eggs along leaf margin 0.3 mm in size • 14 – 17 days complete lifecycle latkins2003 Control • Winter fertilising to promote new growth in spring • Prune off affected leaves and destroy • Natural predators can control from 20 – 90% of all infestations • White oil is the only recommended chemical control for home nurseries latkins2003 White Louse Scale latkins2003 White Louse Scale • Generally found on trunk and lower branches first • Spread to upper twigs and leaves • Generally plant has branch die back and poor vigour • Control is white oil treatment latkins2003 latkins2003 latkins2003 Queensland fruit fly • Order• Appearance • Damage • Plants affected • CONTROL latkins2003 latkins2003 latkins2003 latkins2003 latkins2003 latkins2003 Lemon scab FUNGUS Appearance/ Damage-Irregular scabby areas on fruit, sometimes leaves & twigs . Wart-like outgrowths sometimes scabbed. Severe shedding of young fruit, external quality affected Plants affected-Citrus ( mainly lemons & mandarins) latkins2003 latkins2003 Spread- Rain, wind Control- Occurs during damp weather & only on immature fruit, coastal areas. When symptoms seen it is too late to save infected fruit. Need for preventative spraying before next crop. Chemical- Apply Bordeaux (+ white oil) in spring ant half petal fall and again in late Jan/early Feb at blossoming of second crop latkins2003 Melanose • FUNGUS • Appearance/ Damage-Small Reddish to dark brown spots on leaves & fruit. Streaky if spores are washed by rain, skin of fruit may become cracked and have a ‘mudcake’ appearance • Young leaves & fruit are susceptible & usually occurs on older trees in wet warm conditions latkins2003 Melanose • Mudcake or sandpaper symptoms of melanose on grapefruit. Tearstaining caused by melanose spores washed down the fruit by dew or rain. latkins2003 Melanose Plants affected-Citrus-Washington navels,Emperor mandarins & lemons Spread- Water – dripping & splashing Control- remove & destroy infected parts,Copper oxychloride + white oil at petal fall latkins2003 Bronze Orange Bug • • • • Piercing and sucking mouthparts True bug Gregarious Damage the tips of new growth and cause leaf distorton • Toxic urine from adults and older nymphs (eyes and hands, sensitive skin) latkins2003 latkins2003 latkins2003 latkins2003 BoB Control • Hand removal shaking and spray with high pressure water • Chemical use only white oil • White oil affects most predators as well • Affect new growth so prune damaged growth. latkins2003 Spined Citrus bug latkins2003 Summer fruit drop • Citrus normally shed large numbers of fruitlets shortly after blossoming in the spring and at early fruit set (pea size). • when warmer weather places stress on the tree. • related to lack of water at, or soon after, fruit set. • Root diseases and lack of nitrogen or trace elements may also be responsible. latkins2003 . Rind splitting • Rind splitting of fruit, particularly in navels, also occurs before or near maturity as a result of climatic factors, specifically a drop in average temperatures and an increase in relative humidity at a time when the rate of fruit growth is decreasing. • There is no control for the disorder. Preharvest drop • Preharvest drop in the autumn before fruit is fully mature is a common problem with navels and grapefruit. Some of this drop is natural, but in coastal areas fruit stung by Queensland fruit fly during the late autumn colour-change period is also very prone to drop. Some mandarin and lemon varieties will also shed fruit when damaged by the spined citrus bug. Brown spot infection in mandarins will result in fruit drop. Alternate cropping (biennial bearing) • Alternate cropping (biennial bearing) is a common problem with many citrus varieties, such as Valencia orange, Wheeny grapefruit, and mandarins. • Pruning or thinning of the heavy crop and early harvesting will assist in reducing the problem. Second crop fruit • Sometimes orange trees will produce blossoms in the autumn after a stress period, and set a second crop. This fruit is often of poor quality (thick skins and low juice content) and is susceptible to fruit fly attack. With lemon trees, however, these intermediate crops are desirable Grape vine moth Order- Lepidoptera Appearance – Adult- black moth with yellow markings & tuffs of orange hair at the tip of the abdomen. Larva – blend of green, yellow, black with red markings at sides and a red band over body at hind end. Scattered white hairs over body. latkins2003 Grape vine moth • Damage- Larvae skeletonise leaves, defoliate to main stems • Plants affected- Grapes, Fuchsias, Parthenocissus • Prefers lush growth latkins2003 Grapevine moth control Oechalia schellenbergii. • Biological- Dipel, birds, wasps • predatory shield bug Oechalia schellenbergii. • Natural predators are usually effective • Physical- hand pick off from leaf dersides • Chemical-Only spray in severe infestation latkins2003 Grapevine moth control Larva being eaten by mating shieldbug latkins2003 Phylloxera • Order- Hemiptera • Appearance –This aphid can live below or above ground & when swelling or galls are cut open aphids =green - yellow • Damage- Roots- have fleshy yellow galls on the fine roots ( may be curved in a S shape).Leaves have fleshy yellowish irregular swellings. Infected plants are weak & do not produce good crops • Plants affected- stressed grape vines (which are less able to repel their attack), in heavy soils & humid environments and warm temperatures. • AN EXTREMELY SERIOUS PEST OF GRAPEVINES latkins2003 Phylloxera latkins2003 Phylloxera -Damage •Root-feeding stages are the most damaging, causing a loss in plant vigour, wilting and leaf yellowing. Vines may eventually die within 3-10 years. The aphids live on the surface of rootlatkins2003 galls and inside the leaf galls. Phylloxera -Damage Galls on infected leaves latkins2003 Phylloxera -Damage • The effect of phylloxera aphids feeding on the roots is to cause the vines to get progressively weaker, and they produce fewer leaves and grapes. latkins2003 Phylloxera control • There is no chemical control & no economic means of removing it from the soil once it is established • Cultural- QUARANTINE regulations, grow on resistant root stocks latkins2003 Anthracnose • VARIOUS FUNGUS • Appearance/ DamageSmall to large, dark circular spots or sunken lesions with raised rim on leaves, stems & fruit • Can occur at any stage of growth, twig die back, corky spots on fruit, fruit drop & rot latkins2003 Anthracnose Anthracnose leaf spot on watermelon leaf •Stem and pods have black fruiting bodies, “acervuli,” with black hairs, “setae. latkins2003 Anthracnose • characterised by discrete lesions that are usually found along leaf veins. In severe cases these lesions may run together and kill the entire leaf. Young leaves may become distorted as healthy tissue continues to grow around dead areas. latkins2003 Anthracnose Colletotrichum acutatum latkins2003 Anthracnose • Sunken lesions, slightly paler than the healthy tissue, are symptoms of tomato anthracnose. Black fruiting bodies are visible on this close-up of the lesion. latkins2003 Anthracnose • Tomatoes develop sunken spots on ripe fruits, the central parts of which turn dark. latkins2003 Anthracnose Plants affected- Citrus, grapes, stonefruit, avocadoes etc Spread- Water, wind, animals, tools, infected plants Control- remove & destroy infected parts, crop rotation, disease free seed, improve drainage, air circulation, watering latkins2003 Peach leaf curl Control- remove & destroy infected parts,Copper oxychloride before bud swell or late Winter latkins2003