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Forensic Anthropology and
Odontology
Forensic Anthropology
study of human skeletal remains to determine sex, age,
race, and time and cause of death in an effort to identify
an individual
- includes newer topics of facial reconstruction and age
progression
- “anthros” is Greek for humankind or man, logos
means “the study of”
Types of Anthropology
• Physical Anthropology-A study of primate order past and present,
• Population genetics and Human evolution including skeletal biology and
human adaptation.
• Cultural Anthropology-Focuses on the study of cultural variation among
humans, collecting data about the impact of global economic and political
processes on local cultural realities.
• Linguistic Anthropology-A study of language variation across space and time,
The social uses of language, and Relationships between languages and
cultures.
• Archaeology-Study artifact and material remains of human societies.
• Analyze pollen, soil, seeds and insects found at excavation site.
• Forensic Anthropology- Forensic anthropology is the examination of human
skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to determine the identity of
unidentified bones
Fields within Forensic Anthropology
• Osteology - specific study of bones.
• Dentition – study of tooth remains.
• Ethnobotany – study of pollen and plant remains.
• Forensic artistry-is a law enforcement artistic
technique used in the identification, apprehension,
or conviction of wanted persons. Forensic art
encompasses several disciplines including
composite art, image modification, age progression,
post-mortem reconstruction and demonstrative
evidence.
What type of information do the
bones reveal?
• .
Information from Bones
• a. How person lived
• b. Debilitation illnesses (rickets, polio, healed
fractures)
• c. Right handed or left
handed
• d. Clues to occupation
• e. Gender
• f. Age
• g. Cause of death
• h. PMI
• i. Stature
• J. Race
Education
• Most forensic anthropologists are specialists
in physical anthropology.
• Work in universities or museums
• Certification available from the American
Board of Forensic Anthropology
• How many bones are there in the human
body?
• Humans are born with
about 300 to 350 bones.
Many of these bones fuse
together between birth and
maturity to produce an
average adult total of 206
bones. The number of
bones in the human body
varies according to the
counting method used.
While some methods
consider a given structure
to be a single bone with
multiple parts, others
consider the same structure
to be multiple bones.
• An adult human skeleton
consists of 206 bones.
• These include:
• - 22 Cranial and Facial
Bones
• - 6 Ear Bones
• - 1 Throat Bone
• - 4 Shoulder Bones
• - 25 Chest Bones
• - 26 Vertebral Bones
• - 6 Arm and Forearm bones
• - 54 Hand Bones
• - 2 Pelvic Bones
• - 8 Leg Bones
• - 52 Foot Bones
.
Interesting Books to Read
Skeletal anatomy
206 Skeletal Bones (total)
206 bones
Man = 12 lbs
woman = 10 lbs
Do Now: Human or Non-Human?
• In 2007, these bones
were discovered in rural
West Virginia. Law
enforcement agents
contacted Smithsonian
scientists for help in
identifying them.
• Do you think these
bones are human or
non-human? Explain.
Human or Not...
• these bones are not
human.
• Sometimes, the distinctive
adaptations in bone are tricky to
spot. This clawless hind paw of a
black bear looks somewhat like a
human foot.
• How do cases like this come to
the attention of the
police? When hunters skin bears,
they remove the claws with the
pelt and leave the feet in the
woods, to be found later by hikers
or family pets.
Information from skeletal remains
Gender of decedent
• The bones used to determine gender are:
Cranium
Hip Bone(pelvis)
Femur
Information from skeletal remains
Gender of decedent
• .
***Create a graphic organizer
to demonstrate the differences
between male and female skulls
Gracile = thin
Robust = strong
Clues
Comparison of
Paleo-Americans
(13,oo years ago) and
modern Americans
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/first-americans/naia-video
Inside the lab, archaeologist James C. Chatters analyzes Naia's skull and explains how
she's helping scientists better understand what made the first Americans different
from people today.
• .
Information from
skeletal remains
MALE OR FEMALE
SKELETON?
(a) IS FEMALE and (b) IS MALE
What are the main differences
Between the male and female
Pelvis?
Sex of decedent
Information from skeletal remains
Sex of decedent
• .
What are the
main
differences
between the
male and
female
femur?
Determ Determining Age from bones
Skeletons are good age markers because teeth and bones mature at
fairly predictable rates. For toddlers to teenagers up to age 21,
teeth are the most accurate age indicators.
Ages 0-5: teeth are best – forensic odontology
• Ages 6-25: epiphyseal fusion – fusion of bone
ends to bone shaft (permanent teeth)
epiphyseal fusion varies with sex and is typically
complete by age 25
• Ages 25-40: very hard
• Ages 40+: periodontal disease, arthritis,
breakdown of pelvis, occupational stress,
unique clues
A baby's bones begin to grow in the womb. At birth, the skeleton is partially formed. Many bones
are still in "parts." The ends (epiphyses) and bony shafts (diaphyses) of long bones form
separately in the womb. At birth, the ends of the long bones are mainly cartilage, with centers of
bone beginning to form inside. As a child grows, the shafts get longer, and bone gradually
replaces the cartilage epiphyses. Through the growing years, a layer of cartilage (the growth
plate) separates each epiphyses from the bone shaft.
• .
Tibia and fibula of a 15 year-old, with partially fused growth plates and a
healed fracture with surgical plate on the fibula
.
.
Craniums of a 20 year-old (left) and a 70 year-old (right).
The bones that enclose the brain grow together during childhood along lines
called cranial sutures. During adulthood, bone "remodeling" may gradually
erase these lines, at variable rates. Closure of cranial sutures gives general
information about a person's age. It is best used with additional indicators to
estimate age, or when other age indicators are unavailable.
Arthritis on the spine as evidenced by "lipping" of the
vertebrae
Wear and tear on a body throughout a
lifetime affects the skeleton. Arthritis of
the spine and joints can reflect increasing
age. Scientists also recognize many other
clues to aging, such as the appearance of
the rib ends and the cartilage that joins
them to the sternum. In a young adult,
the rib end walls are thick and smooth,
with a scalloped or rounded edge. In an
older adult, the walls are thin, with sharp
edges, and the rim often has bony,
irregular projections.
.
Age
This bone was found in an Incas burial
an ground in Peru. Bioarcheologists
estimate the age of child and
subadult skeletons based on the
maturation of the skeleton and the
development of the teeth. As seen
here, the growth plate (epiphysis)
of her shin bone (tibia) has not
fused to the long bone shaft. In
most populations, these bones fuse
between the ages of 13 and 17.
This girl was between 14 and 17
years of age when she died—.
Comparison of a 5 yr to a 60 yr old skull.
• .
Age at Death
• .
Normal Adult Human Teeth
•How many teeth do adult humans
have?
•What is the average amount of Tooth Fairy
money given for a fallen baby tooth?
• How many teeth do adult humans have?
32
• What is the average amount of Tooth Fairy
• money given for a fallen baby tooth?
$1.10
• Baby Teeth
Adult Teeth
• .
Age at Death
• .
Determination of ANCESTRY
Race
(Race) of
The cranium is the only reliable bone and, even
then, can only tell general category as below:
• Asian (Mongoloid) -all Asian descent and Native
American decent
wider cheekbones, concave incisors,
width between eyes greatest
• African (everyone of African descent)
more prominent ridges, wider nasal opening
• Caucasian (all ‘white’ individuals)
narrow everything
• Race
• .
Determination of Stature from Bones
Stature estimate
Long bone length (femur, tibia, humerus) is
proportional to height
There are tables that forensic anthropologists use.
For example:
Femur length
Predicted Height
41 cm
167 cm (5’6”)
50 cm
186 cm (6’1’)
Males: (1.88 x femur length in inches) + 32.01
Females: (1.945 x femur length in inches) + 28.70
Determining Identity from
TRAUMA and PATHOLOGIES
• Individual Identification
Person identified when it was found
that the amalgam used in her dental
restorations was of a type found only
in specific areas on the Eastern
Coast of the United States.
Habitual activity can wear away the
protective, cartilagenous lining which
reduces friction in joints. The humerus
in this photograph were in contact for
many years prior to this individual's
death.
The surfaces are smooth and shiny,
indicating that the joint capsule and
cartilage had worn away, allowing bone
on bone contact in the cavity.
• Individual Identification
Dental implants, braces, and
other types of dental work are
often recovered with a body
and are extremely useful in
identification because they
are so unique to the individual
and are well detailed in
antemortem radiographs and
medical records.
Healed fracture on the sternal end of a
midthoracic rib. The area within the red
brackets is the site of injury. Note the
more porous appearance of the bone in
this area - this is woven bone.
The wire left in bone to repair a fracture may give away the unknown
identity Bones
.
Occupational stress wears
bones at joints
Surgeries or healed wounds
aid in identification
X-rays of Hip replacement
• .
X-rays of Breast Implants
• .
X-Ray of Hundreds of Gold Acupuncture Needles in Woman's
Knees
Determining Cause of Death



Sharp force trauma (bone cut)
Blunt force trauma (broken bone)
Antemortem vs. postmortem breaks
Sharp force trauma includes:
•
•
•
•
Incised wounds - caused by any object
having a sharp edge. Example: knives and
broken glass
Stab wounds - which are incised wounds
where the length of injury on the surface
is less than the depth of penetration into
the body.
Slash wounds - which are incised wounds
that are longer than they are deep.
Chop wounds - are caused by implements
such as machetes, meat cleavers, swords,
axes etc. They are often severe in nature,
and can include extensive soft tissue and
bone damage.
Blunt Force Trauma
•
•
Blunt force trauma is a severe
traumatic episode caused to the body
or head by a blunt instrument used
with great force. This can sometimes
be caused by an attacker striking out
at a victim with their hands, a large
piece of wood, a baseball bat or
other such item that would cause
heavy damage to the body or skull if
impacted against them quickly.
Contusions - Bruising:- Often a good
indicator that there are broken blood
vessels beneath the surface of the
skin.
Blunt Force Trauma
•
•
Many of the atypical burials recovered from the
Puruchuco cemetery (Lima, Peru) exhibit
perimortem (at or around the time of death)
trauma to their skulls, which likely caused or
contributed to their violent deaths. For this
young woman, severe blunt-force trauma
caused the fracture to the left side of her skull.
In her reconstructed skull, four fractures
radiate out from the site of impact, which is
also surrounded by concentric fractures. Her
skeleton showed no other injuries. The woman
obviously received a massive and lethal blow,
perhaps from an indigenous stone club.
Facial Reconstruction
A sculptor, such as Amy Danning pictured
at left, familiar with facial anatomy works
with a forensic anthropologist, to
interpret skeletal features that reveal the
subject's age, sex, and ancestry, and
anatomical features like facial
asymmetry, evidence of injuries (like a
broken nose), or loss of teeth before
death.
• The skull provides clues to
personal appearance. The
brow ridge, the distance
between the eye orbits, the
shape of the nasal
chamber, the shape and
projection of the nasal
bones, the chin's form, and
the overall profile of the
facial bones all determine
facial features in life.
Facial Reconstruction
1. Obtain skull
• Determine demographic information
(female, Caucasian, early 40s)
• Note unique features
(had lost all back teeth on
upper and lower jaw)
• Anything known about this individual?
(came to U.S. by boat in 1710
from Europe, died and buried in
NY around 1733)
Facial Reconstruction
2. Add tissue depth markers
•
Based on largely on sex and race
3. Begin to add common fat deposits
and underlying muscles
Facial Reconstruction
4. Add muscle to average
depth for race
5. Add skin, nose, ears
6. Add features related to age and
race (wrinkles, eye and hair color)
Facial Reconstruction
7. Add clothing etc appropriate for the
time period, religious affiliations, etc
Forensic Odontology
• identification of bite marks on victims
• comparison of bite marks with teeth of a suspect
• identification of unknown bodies through dental
records
• age estimations of skeletal remains
• victim identification through DNA analysis
Forensic Odontology – Bite Marks
Physical Characteristics
• distance from cuspid to cuspid
• tooth alignment
• teeth width, thickness, spacing
• missing teeth
• wear patterns including chips and grinding
• dental history including fillings, crowns, etc.