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CHAPTER 47, SECTIONS 1 AND 2
THE CIRCULATORY, LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND BLOOD
STUDY GUIDE
THE CIRCULATORY, LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND BLOOD NOTES
THE CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS AND BLOOD SAMPLE
ESSAY TEST
1. Higher animals, including humans, usually have a ______________________
___________________ ______________________.
2. _____________ is the body's internal transportation system.
3. Pump by the _______________, blood through a network of vessels, carrying
________________, ________________, and __________________ to and
__________________ _________________ from each of the cells in the human
body.
4. _________________, ___________________, and _______________
__________________ make up the Circulatory System.
5. The ________________ is a hollow, _________________ organ that contracts at
regular intervals, forcing blood through the Circulatory system.
6. The walls of the Heart are made up of Three Layers of Tissue. The outer and
inner layers are __________________________ tissue. The middle layer is
___________________ _________________ tissue called ___________________.
7. The Heart can be thought of as _____________ _______________ sitting side
by side.
8. Our Heart has ________________ chambers:
A. The upper chambers are the _____________ and ______________
__________________.
B. The lower chambers are the _____________ and ______________
_________________.
9. The Right side of the heart pumps from the _____________ into the
____________.
10. Oxygen poor blood is called ___________________________________.
11. The Left side of the Heart pumps ________________ Rich Blood from the
________________ to the rest of the ___________________ except the
_______________.
12. The Heart is enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the
___________________.
13. Our Heart has FOUR CHAMBERS, the UPPER Chambers of the Heart are
the RIGHT AND LEFT _________________ (ATRIUM), RECEIVE BLOOD
COMING INTO THE HEART. The LOWER CHAMBERS are the RIGHT AND
LEFT _______________________, PUMP BLOOD OUT OF THE HEART.
14. Dividing the Right and Left sides is a common wall called the
________________. The ______________ prevents the mixing of Oxygen-poor and
Oxygen-rich Blood.
THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART (FROM BODY TO LUNGS,
DEOXGENTATED BLOOD)
1. Oxygen-Poor Blood from the body enters the Right side of the Heart through
TWO large blood vessels called ___________________ _____________________.
2. The _________________ Vena Cava brings Blood from the UPPER PART OF
THE BODY TO THE HEART.
3. The ___________________ Vena Cava brings Blood from the LOWER PART
OF THE BODY TO HE HEART.
4. Both VENA CAVA EMPTY INTO THE __________________ _______________.
When the Heart Relaxes (Between Beats), pressure in the circulatory system
causes the Atrium to fill with blood.
5. When the Heart CONTRACTS, Blood is squeezed from the RIGHT
______________INTO THE RIGHT __________________ through flaps of tissue
calle the _____________________________ ___________________ that prevents
blood from flowing back into the Right Atrium called a __________________
______________________.
6. THE GENERAL PURPOSE OF ALL VALVES IN THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM IS TO PREVENT THE ______________________ OF BLOOD. They
also ensure that BLOOD FLOWS IN ONLY _______________ DIRECTION.
7. THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF THE TRICUSPID VALVE IS TO PREVENT
___________________ OF BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT _____________________TO
THE RIGHT _________________ WHEN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE CONTRACTS.
8. When the Heart CONTRACTS a second time, Blood in the RIGHT
VENTRICLE IS SENT THROUGH THE _____________________
___________________ INTO THE ____________________. These are the Only
Arteries to carry ______________-_____________ Blood. At the base of the
Pulmonary Arteries is another valve that prevents blood from traveling back into
the Right Ventricle.
THE LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART (FROM ______________ TO _____________,
_________________ BLOOD)
1. Oxygen-Rich Blood leaves the Lungs and Returns to the Heart by way of
Blood Vessels called the ________________ ____________. These are the only
Veins to carry ______________ ______________ Blood.
2. Returning Blood enters the LEFT ATRUIM, IT PASSES THROUGH THE
________________ _____________(BICUSPID) INTO THE LEFT VENTRICLE.
3. FROM THE LEFT VENTRICAL, BLOOD IS PUMPED INTO THE
_____________________ ARTERY THAT CARRIES IT TO EVERY PART OF THE
BODY.
THE HEARTBEAT (CARDIAC CYCLE)
1. _________________ is the term for CONTRACTION.
2. The term for RELAXATION is __________________.
3. If any of the Valves do not close properly, an extra sound called a
____________ __________________ may be heard.
4. This Wave begins in a Small Bundle of Cells embedded in the RIGHT ATRUIM
CALLED THE _________________________________. The SA is the Natural
_____________________ of the Heart. It initiates each Heartbeat and sets the
PACE for the HEART RATE.
5. The Heart initiates its own Stimulation from the ________________________
Node, and Does NOT require Stimulation from the Nervous System.
6. The Autonomic Nervous system does influence Heart Rate. The Sympathetic
Nervous System __________________ HEART RATE and the Parasympathetic
Nervous System ___________________ IT.
7. For most of us, at REST our HeartBeats between ________ and _______ beats
per minute. During Exercise that can increase to as many as 200 beats per
minute.
BLOOD VESSELS (ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIES)
1. After the Blood leaves the Heart, it is pumped through a network of Blood
Vessels to different parts of the body.
2. The Blood Vessels that form this network and are part of the CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM ARE THE _____________________, ____________________, AND
__________________.
3. With the exception of Capillaries and tiny Veins, Blood Vessels have WALLS
made of THREE LAYERS OF TISSUE:
A. THE INNER LAYER IS ______________________ TISSUE.
B. THE MIDDLE LAYER IS __________________MUSCLE TISSUE.
C. THE OUTER LAYER IS ______________________ TISSUE.
ATERIES AND ARTERIOLES (SMALL ARTERIES)
1. Arteries carry blood from the _________________ TO ______________________
AND THE REST OF THE BODY.
2. The Walls of Arteries are generally _______________ than those of Veins.
3. EXCEPT FOR THE __________________ ARTERIES, ALL ARTERIES
CARRY _____________________-RICH BLOOD.
4. The Artery that carries Oxygen-Rich Blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE to all
parts of the body is the ____________________.
5. THE AORTA WITH A DIAMETER OF 2.5 cm, IS THE ____________________
ARTERY IN THE BODY.
6. THE SMALLEST ARTERIES ARE CALLED______________________.
CAPILLARIES
1. ARTERIOLES BRANCH INTO NETWORKS OF VERY SMALL BLOOD
VESSELES CALLED ________________________.
2. IT IS IN THE THIN-WALLED (ONE-CELL IN THICKNESS) THAT THE REAL
WORK OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS DONE.
3. The Walls of the Capillaries consist of only one layer of cells, making it easy
for Oxygen and Nutrients to ____________ FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE
TISSUE.
VEINS
1. THE FLOW OF BLOOD MOVES FROM CAPILLARIES INTO _____________.
2. Veins form a system that _________________ Blood from every part of the
Body and CARRIES it Back to the __________________________.
3. The smallest Veins are called ______________________.
4. LIKE ARTERIES, VEINS ARE LINED WITH ___________________ MUSCLE.
Vein walls are thinner and less elastic than Arteries. Veins though are more
_______________________ and are able to stretch out readily.
5. This flexibility reduces the Resistance the flow of blood encounters on its way
back to the Heart.
6. Large Veins contain Valves that maintain the one direction flow of Blood. This
is important where Blood must flow against the Force of Gravity.
7. The flow of Blood in Veins is help by Contractions of ____________________
Muscles, especially those in the legs and arms. When muscles contract they
squeeze against Veins and help force Blood Toward the Heart.
PATHWAYS OF CIRCULATION
1. Blood moves through the body in a continuous pathway, of which there are
TWO MAJOR PARTS; THE ____________________ AND
_______________________ CIRCULATION.
2. THE _______________________ CIRCULATION CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN
THE __________________ AND THE _____________. THIS CIRCULATION
BEGINS AT THE RIGHT ______________________ AND ENDS AT THE LEFT
__________________.
3. THE _____________________ ARE THE ONLY ORGANS DIRECTELY
CONNECTED TO BOTH CHAMBERS OF THE HEART.
4. ____________________ _________________ STARTS AT THE LEFT
____________________ AND ENDS AT THE RIGHT _____________________,
CARRIES BLOOD TO THE REST OF THE BODY.
5. ___________________ CIRCULATION SUPPLIES EACH MAJOR ORGAN
WITH BLOOD, INCLUDING THE HEART.
6. The Heart receives its supply of Blood from a PAIR of _____________________
ARTERIES leading from the Aorta.
BLOOD PRESSURE
1. Blood moves through our Circulation System because it is under
__________________.
2. This Pressure is caused by the ________________________ of the Heart and by
Muscles that surround Blood Vessels.
3. A MEASURE OF FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS AGAIST A VESSEL WALL
IS CALLED ___________________PRESSURE.
4. Blood Pressure is maintain by TWO WAYS:
A._______________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1. As Blood Circulates throughout the body, ______________ from the Blood
___________________ into tissue.
2. A NETWORK OF VESSELS KNOWN AS THE _________________ SYSTEM
COLLECTS THE _______________ AND RETURNS IT TO THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM.
3. The loss Fluid is known as _____________________ and is collected in
Lymphatic Capillaries and moves to larger Lymph Vessels. Like Veins these
vessels contain valves to prevent the back flow of blood.
4. These Lymph Vessels Pass Through small bean-shaped enlargements called
______________ ______________, WHICH ACTS AS FILTERS AND
PRODUCERS OF SPECIAL _______________ BLOOD CELLS.
BLOOD
1. The function of the Circulatory System is to transport Material in a FLUID
Medium throughout the body.
2. THIS FLUID MEDUIM IS CALLED ____________________. BLOOD IS A TYPE
OF LIQUID ____________________ TISSUE THAT HAS MANY FUCTIONS.
3. BLOOD ______________________ NUTRIENTS, DISSOLVED GASES (O2,
CO2), ENZYMES, HORMONES, AND WASTE PRODUCTS.
4. BLOOD __________________ BODY TEMPERATURE, pH, and
ELECTROLYTES.
5. BLOOD ______________________ THE BODY FROM INVADERS, AND
BLOOD RESTRICTS THE LOSS OF FLUID.
6. Our Bodies contains 4 to 6 liters of Blood.
BLOOD PLASMA
1. Approximately 55 percent of Blood in made up of a Fluid Portion called
_______________________. The remaining 45 percent consist of a
__________________ _________________.
2. Plasma is the Straw-Colored Liquid portion of Blood and is 90 percent water
and 10 percent dissolved fats, salts, sugars, and Protein called
__________________ _______________________.
3. THE PLASMA PROTEINS ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES:
A. ____________________ - HELP REGULATE OSMOTIC PRESSURE
(MAINTAIN
NORMAL BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE). THIS
IS THE MOST ABUNDANT PLASMA PROTEIN.
B. _______________________ - INCLUDE ANTIBODIES THAT HELP FIGHT
OFF INFECTION. ANTIBODIES INITIATE THE DESTRUCTION OF
PATHOGENS AND PROVIDE US WITH IMMUNITY.
C. ________________________ - RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ABLITY OF
BLOOD TO CLOT.
BLOOD CELLS
THE CELLULAR PORTION OF BLOOD INCLUDES SEVERAL TYPES OF
HIGHLY SPECIALIZED CELLS AND CELL FRAGAMENTS. THEY ARE
______________ BLOOD CELLS (RBC), ________________ BLOOD CELLS
(WBC), AND ___________________.
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC) ERTHROCYTES
1. RBC are the most ____________________ of the Blood Cells. One microliter
of blood contains approx. 5 million RBCs.
2. RBC are _______________________, or shaped so that they are narrower in the
center than along the edges.
3. RBC are produced from cells in the Bone Marrow, they are gradually filled with
_____________________ which forces out the nucleus and other organelles.
4. Mature RBC do not have a Nucleus.
5. _________________________is the iron-containing protein that gives RBC the
ability to carry Oxygen. Hemoglobin gives the RBC their color.
6. RBC stay in circulation for about 120 days before they are destroyed by
special WBC in the liver and spleen. RDC in your body are dying and being
replace at a rate of about 2 million per second.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC) LEUKOCYTES
1. Outnumbered by RBC almost 500 to 1.
2. WBC are produced in the ______________Marrow, are larger than RBC, almost
Colorless, and do not contain Hemoglobin.
3. WBC have a Nucleus and can live for many months or years.
4. THE MAIN FUNCTION OF WBC IS TO _______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
5. WBC can destroy bacteria and foreign cells by Phagocytosis (engulfed and
digested), some produce special proteins called ________________________, and
some release special chemicals that help the body fight off disease and resist
infection.
6. Doctors are able to detect the presence of ___________________ by counting
the number of WBC in the blood.
PLATELETS AND BLOOD CLOTTING
1. Platelets are __________Cells; they are tiny Fragments of other Cells.
2. Platelets are formed when small pieces of Cytoplasm are pinched off the large
cells called _________________________, which are found in the Bone Marrow.
Their life span is about 5 to 9 days.
3. Platelets play an important role in ________________ ________________.
4. Platelets help the Clotting process by Clumping together and forming a Plug at
the site of a wound and then releasing proteins called _______________
FACTORS.
5. Clotting Factors start a series of Chemical Reactions that ends with a sticky
meshwork of fibrin filaments that stop bleeding by producing a clot.
6. A genetic disorder of Clotting Factors is called _______________________,
suffers may bleed uncontrollably from even a small cut or scrape.
7. Clotting of blood in Vessels can block the flow of blood, if this happens in the
brain, brain cells may die, causing a _________________.
DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below as completely and as thoroughly as
possible. Answer the question in essay form (not outline form), using complete sentences.
You may use diagrams to supplement your answers, but a diagram alone without
appropriate discussion is inadequate. See me if you need Help, Have Problems or
Questions or To Check Your Answers.
1. State the main functions of the circulatory system.
2. Name the three major parts of the circulatory sytem.
3. Describe the difference between pulmonary circulation and the systemic
ciculation.
4. Describe the main parts of the heart.
5. Describe how the two sides of the heart differ in terms of the kind of blood they
receive and pump, INCLUDE: Where does the blood come from? How does it
enter the heart? How does it exit the heart? Where does it go to?
6. Explain the difference between diastole and systole.
7. How is heart contraction rate controlled?
8. What are the components of Blood, and the function of each component?
9. Compare ateries, veins, and capillaries. In your answer, discuss the types of
tissue in them, function, and type of blood generally carried.
10. Describe the structure, operation, and function of the lymphatic system.
11. What are the Three Functions of Blood?
12. Identify the structure that prevents blood from mixing between the left and
right sides of the heart. Explain what prevents blood from flowing from the
ventricles backward into atria.
13. Identify the structure that controls the heartbeat, and describe the process by
which it regulates the heartbeat.
14. Identify the stages and structures involved in the clotting process.