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Ecosystems and Climate Research in Ecology Levels of Ecology ORGANISMAL ECOLOGY behavior physiology morphology etc. Levels of Ecology POPULATION ECOLOGY dynamics genetics microevolution etc. Levels of Ecology COMMUNITY ECOLOGY structure coevolution interactions Etc. Levels of Ecology ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY nutrient cycling energy flow Etc. Levels of Ecology LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY Interactions among ecosystems Interaction of organisms with their temporal and spatial environment Levels of Ecology GLOBAL ECOLOGY Regional changes as they affect the entire biosphere Abiotic Components WATER Abiotic Components WATER Helps create soil via erosion Provides habitat for aquatic organisms Animals and plants must evolve ways to maintain water balance in fresh and salt water All life is water-based. Abiotic Components SUNLIGHT Intensity Daily duration Angle of incidence Spectral distribution …all affect plants and animals living in an ecosystem. Abiotic Components WIND Abiotic Components ROCKS AND SOIL Abiotic Components ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE Climate: It starts with the sun • Tropics – equator to 23.5o (N, S) • Subtropics – 23.5o – 30o (N, S) • Temperate – 30o – 60o (N, S) • Polar – 60o – the poles (N, S) Climate: Seasons Climate: Air Movement Climate: Global Air Plants Evolve Adaptations XEROPHYTE – adapted to a very dry habitat Plants Evolve to Fit MESOPHYTE – adapted to a moderate habitat Plants Evolve to Fit HYDROPHYTE – adapted to a very wet habitat Biomes http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm Energy Flows As plants photosynthesize, they create matter. This is called primary productivity. GROSS primary productivity (GPP) is the total amount of energy captured by plants. NET primary productivity (NPP) is what’s left over after the plant has spent energy for work. NPP = GPP – Respiration (NPP is like “profit”) Biogeochemical Cycles