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Tests to Diagnosis Laboratory diagnosis is generally testing of serum or cerebrospinal fluid to detect virus specific IgM and neutralizing antibodies. Four FDA cleared WNV IgM ELISA kits available. (CDC, 2012) Treatment Options Mild Symptoms: Patient controls with assistance from doctor. Severe Symptoms: Hospital supportive treatment: Intravenous fluids, breathing care, nursing care. (CDC, 2012) Encephalitis acquired from an insect borne virus doesn’t respond to antiviral medications normally given for encephalitis i.e., Acyclovir and Ganciclovir. Therefore … Corticosteroids are given for inflammation of the brain. Pheytoin is given to stop and prevent seizures. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011) References Bauman, R. (2010) Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy: Third Edition. New York: Benjamin Cummings. Centers for Disease Control. 2012. West Nile Virus. Retrieved August 04, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.ht m CDC: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 2012. West Nile Virus Disease and Other Arboviral Diseases — United States, 2011. Retrieved August 04, 2012, from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm 6127a3.htm EncephalitisSymptoms.net. 2012. Encephalitis Symptoms. Retrieved from http://encephalitissymptoms.net/ Mayo Clinic Staff. 2011. Encephalitis. Retrieved August 04, 2012 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/encephalitis/DS 00226/ Night Owl Urgent Care. 2012. [I.V. Therapy] Retrieved from http://www.niteowlurgentcare.com/CommonQues tions/DehydrationandIVFluidReplacement.aspx Science Photo Library. [n.d.] West Nile viruses. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM). Retrieved from http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/87493/enlarge (CDC, 2012) Wikipedia. (2012). West Nile virus. Retrieved August 04, 2012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus West Nile Virus Provided for Awareness Purposes by Jill K. Glanz, Prevention is Key www.preventioniskey.net (Night Owl Urgent Care, 2012) Description of West Nile Virus Group: IV (+) ssRNA. Between 11,000 and 12,000 nucleotides long. Family: Flaviviridae. RNA strand held within nucleocapsid. Genus: Flavivirus. Capsid contained within host-derived membrane. Species: West Nile virus. Relatively smooth protein surface. (Wikipedia, 2012) West Nile Virus, TEM (Science Photo Library, n.d.) Morbidity & Mortality Rates In 2011, 712 cases of West Nile Virus were reported in the U.S. 226 (32%) nonneuroinvasive 486 (68%) neuroinvasive 273 (56%) neuroinvasive patients had Encephalitis 547 (77%) hospitalized 43 (6%) died Median age of patients who died: 74 Age range of those infected: 32 – 96 (CDC: MMWR, 2012) Diseases Caused West Nile Virus (WNV) is a potentially serious illness, most commonly spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitos acquire the WNV infection by feeding on infected birds; they then transmit the infection to humans and other animals through their bite. A seasonal epidemic in nearly all fifty states of North America, WNV starts in the summer and continues into the fall. (CDC, 2012) (Encephalitissymptoms.net, 2012) Severe Symptoms: In approximately 1 of 750 people, West Nile Virus invades the nervous system causing Encephalitis – this can be fatal. (Baumann, 2010) Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, most commonly caused by viral infections. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011) Severe Symptoms include: - high fever - stiff neck No Symptoms: - disorientation 80% of infected people have no symptoms. - muscle weakness Mild Symptoms: Neurological effects may be permanent. 20% of infected people develop: Individuals over age 50 are more likely to develop severe illness from the West Nile Virus infection. - fever - headache - fatigue - body aches (CDC, 2012) (CDC, 2012) - headache - coma -tremors - convulsions - paralysis