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Technician Licensing Class
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1
Technician Licensing Class
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Valid July 1, 2014
Through
June 30, 2018
2
Amateur Radio Technician Class
Element 2 Course Presentation
 ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
About Ham Radio
Call Signs
Control
Mind the Rules
Tech Frequencies
Your First Radio
Going On The Air!
Repeaters
Emergency!
Weak Signal Propagation
3
Amateur Radio Technician Class
Element 2 Course Presentation
 ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings)
• Talk to Outer Space!
• Your Computer Goes Ham Digital!
• Multi-Mode Radio Excitement
• Run Some Interference Protection
• Electrons – Go With the Flow!
• It’s the Law, per Mr. Ohm!
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• Antennas
• Feed Me With Some Good Coax!
• Safety First!
4
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• T6C01 As a new Technician Class operator, you should be
familiar with the identification of simple schematic diagram
illustrations. In the next few questions, we’ll take a look at some
schematic diagrams with symbols that you should know. We will
home in on identifying individual symbols in the schematic
diagrams for your exam. Don’t panic! It’s easy.
• T6C12 Now, let’s check ourselves. The symbols on an electrical
circuit schematic diagram represent electrical components.
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• T6C13 Schematic diagrams allow us to see exactly how
components are interconnected, right down to each and every lead.
• T6C10 Oh good, another figure – component #3 doesn’t have a
squiggly line like a resistor, but rather a coil type line, so it is a
variable inductor. It is variable because we see tap points on the
hump lines and a line with an arrow indicating the inductor can be
adjusted to any one of the taps.
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• T6C11 Component #4 looks like it – an antenna! That antenna is
tuned by some of the preceding circuit components.
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• T6D08 We use series and parallel coils and capacitors to develop a
tuned circuit inside your new radio. Another name for a coil is an
inductor, and when used with a capacitor you now have a tuned
circuit.
8
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• T6D11 A resonant circuit must contain at least one inductor and
one capacitor. It also may have other components. The resonant
frequency of the tuned circuit is the frequency at which the
inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are equal. It is one
of the most crucial circuits in all of radio. Resonant circuits of one
form or another determine the frequency of operation of all radio
devices.
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• T6C02 This figure will be found on your actual Technician Class
exam sheet – either with the question or on the last page of your
examination materials. Component #1, that squiggly line, is a
resistor. Can you imagine current flowing through all the squiggles
offering resistance?
3
2
1
4
5
Figure T1
11
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• T6C03 Component #2 is our friendly transistor. The arrow is
NOT pointing in, so it is an NPN transistor.
3
2
1
4
5
• T6D10 Component #2 is a NPN transistor, and this one controls
the flow of current, much like a valve.
12
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• T6C04 Component #3 looks just like what it is – a small indicator
lamp. Looks like a lamp, doesn’t it?
3
2
1
5
4
Figure T1
• T6C05 It takes voltage to make this circuit work, and we get the
voltage from the battery, component #4.
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• T6D03 Your handheld may have one of these – a single-pole,
single-throw switch. It is single in both senses because you see
only one wire going to the switch, and only one single contact
point. Single pole-single throw.
2
3
9
5
4
7
1
6
10
8
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 T6C09 Component #4 takes in everything around it, and is a
transformer. Voltage is passed from the windings on the left, to the
windings on the right, with the two vertical lines representing an
iron core. This transformer looks to have about the same number
of turns on the primary and secondary, so the amount of voltage
going in will be about the same as the amount of voltage coming
out the other side!
15
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• T6C06 Ok, you’re doing so well, let’s turn you into a master
engineer, and look at figure T2. Component #6 has 2 parallel (sort
of) plates, separated by an insulation, so it must be a capacitor.
2
3
9
5
4
7
1
6
10
8
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• T6C07 See the little arrow symbols on component #8 showing the
effects of light? Component # 8 is a light emitting diode – an LED.
Easy
• T6C08 Component #9 is indeed a resistor, but it has a variable tap
point on it, so it is a variable resistor. We’ll formally call it a
potentiometer, and this could be the volume control on your
17
handheld.
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• T6D04 Your larger, high-frequency transceivers may have a
mechanical meter movement to illustrate incoming signal strength.
Even if it is an LED or LCD readout, we still call it a signal
strength meter.
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• T6D02 Most of your handhelds don’t have one, but a mobile radio
that puts out 50 watts will likely contain a relay. The relay is a
mechanical switch, opened and closed by current passing through a
coil, creating an electromagnet. As soon as the coil is energized,
the switch goes from one state to another.
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• T6D05 If you want to run your handheld on house power, you’ll
need a power supply that will provide regulated 12 volts to your
handheld input circuit. This power supply must have a good
regulator built in so that it does not exceed the 12 volts DC input
that your handheld works with. Never transmit from your
handheld when plugged in to an AC “wall wart” because there is
not enough filtering within that “wall wart” for a good signal. It is
okay for listening, but unplug before transmitting.
20
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• T6D06 When you purchase your new dual-band handheld it will
come with a wall charger that plugs into the side of your radio.
The wall charger contains a small transformer that takes 120 volts
AC on the primary and steps it down to a lower AC voltage on the
secondary. Diodes and capacitors then filter this lowered AC and
convert it to 12 volts DC. The common “wall wart” contains all of
this circuitry, and newer “switcher” wall warts are much lighter in
weight and the transformer is extremely small in size!
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• T6D09 If you ever look inside the modern ham radio, you’ll see
rectangular “chips” that are large scale integrated circuits. These
chips contain thousands of semiconductors in one nice neat
package – abbreviated “ICs.”
22
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• T5B09 Doubling your power will lead to a power increase of 3 dB.
Halving your power will lead to a 3 dB decrease. But since we are
going from 5 watts to 10 watts, we are doubling our power, and
that is a 3 dB increase.
23
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• T5B10 Now we go from 12 watts down to 3 watts by pushing the
low power button on our small mobile radio. This is a 4 times
decrease (4 x 3 = 12). A 4 times decrease is a power decrease of 6
dB.
• T5B11 Now we add a linear amplifier. Normally, I don’t
recommend any linear amplifiers as you are getting started as a
Technician Class operator. Going from 20 watts to 200 watts is a
bit dangerous, and that is a 10 times increase in power (20 x 10 =
200). Ten times increase equals 10 dB.
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• T6B07 LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, and this is that
green, red, or amber indicator that comes up on your handheld
when you are transmitting. The LED draws almost no amount of
current and will last for hundreds of thousands of hours without
burnout. This is a big improvement over our older radios with
grain-of-wheat light bulbs. LED = Light Emitting Diode.
25
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• T6D07 A good visual indicator on a handheld radio is the LED –
the light emitting diode that is often used as a transmit indicator.
• T5B02 To keep you from running out of pencil lead, we can
abbreviate 1,500,000 Hz as either 1,500 kHz, or 1.5 MHz. From
Hz to kHz, move the decimal 3 places to the left. From kHz to
MHz, move it 3 more places to the left.
• T5B13 There are 1,000 MHz in one GHz, so we can simply divide
by 1000 to get the final answer, 2.425 GHz.
27
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• T5B03 Remember kilo? Kilo means one thousand. One kilovolt
equals 1,000 volts. Watch out for Answer A.
• T5B06 One milliampere equals one one-thousandth of an ampere
(1 x 10-3); therefore, one ampere equal 1000 milliamperes. Divide
milliamperes by 1000 to convert to amperes. Or move the decimal
point 3 places to the left. Calculator keystrokes are: CLEAR 3000
÷ 1000 = and the answer is 3.
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• T5B12 It’s a good idea, and a fun exercise (for some of us,
anyway) to memorize all the Metric prefixes. They’re used a lot in
radio electronics. There are a thousand Kilohertz in one
Megahertz, so 28,400 KHz is equal to 28.400 MHz. Always
remember that if the unit is smaller, you need more of them!
Here’s another trick. If working with metric prefixes is not second
nature to you, always convert the units to the fundamental units
while working out a problem. For example, if a question asks you
to do calculations involving subtracting XXX Kilohertz from YYY
Megahertz, convert each number in the question to Hertz, and then
work out the problem. Then convert it back to the unit they want
as the last step. This can save you endless confusion, especially in
the heat of an exam! Watch out for answer D – it says kHz, not
MHz!
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• T5B05 Your handheld transceiver can also be dialed down to
minimum power output, dramatically conserving battery life. Five
hundred milliwatts can be converted to watts by moving the
decimal point 3 places to the left. So a handheld at 500 milliwatts
output is transmitting 0.5 watts of power, the same as a half watt of
power. Believe it or not, you can make many contacts through
local repeaters at a half-watt of power, and your batteries will love
you for it.
30
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• T5B01 Your new dual-band handheld might offer as much as 5 to
7 watts of output power. Depending on the battery pack voltage,
the transmitter could actually draw as much as 1,500 milliamperes.
But don’t panic with all those numbers – move the decimal point 3
places to the left to go from milliamps to amps. In this question, to
convert 1.5 amps to 1500 milliamperes, move the decimal point 3
places to the right. Three places.
• T5B08 A picofarad is one millionth (1 x 10-6) of a microfarad or
one million millionth (1 x 10-6 x 1 x 10-6 = 1 x 10-12) of a farad.
Move the decimal point 6 places to the left to convert to
microfarads or 12 places to the left to convert to farads. If you do
the math, you’ll find the answer is 1 microfarad.
31
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• T5B04 We measure the receiver capabilities on a handheld in
microvolts. The word “micro” means one-millionth. Mega means
million, kilo means thousand, and milli means thousandth. Micro
means one one-millionth.
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• T7D08 Rosin-core solder is commonly available at the same place
you purchase your soldering iron or gun. A little soldering pen is
fine for working on tiny circuits, but you’re going to need a
massive soldering iron or a big 200 watt soldering gun if you plan
to install coax connectors properly. Always use rosin-core solder.
Wear protective glasses, too. “Eutectic” solder is a special alloy of
lead and tin designed to melt at the lowest possible temperature,
and this is recommended if you do any surface mount soldering, an
increasingly more valuable skill!
33
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• T7D09 It’s easy to tell if you’ve made a good solder connection –
the solder looks shiny. However, a “cold,” poorly-soldered joint
looks grainy and dull.
34
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• T7D07 Every amateur operator should own a multimeter. The
multiple function meter can measure voltage, current, and
resistance, and check continuity. Even an inexpensive multimeter
is better than no meter when you’re trying to check out a circuit in
the field. You can buy an excellent multimeter for less than $25.00.
The only real difference between a $25 meter and a $300 one is
not the accuracy, but how many times you can run over it with a
HumVee or drop it from the top of a tower and have it still work.
Most experienced electronics technicians eventually end up doing
the above and more to their meters, so they prefer to get the best
meters they can afford!
35
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• T7D011 Any time you are checking a circuit with an ohmmeter,
make sure the circuit is not energized! If you check any circuit
with voltage on it, you will probably toast the ohmmeter for life.
• T7D06 You’re likely to damage your brand new needle
multimeter by measuring voltage if you accidentally leave it in the
ohms reading setting.
36
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• T7D010 If you have a big old capacitor hanging around the shack, keep
it handy! That big old capacitor has a telltale signature when you check
it with an ohmmeter. On a high ohms reading scale, the discharged
capacitor will first look like an almost short circuit, and then show
increasing resistance as the capacitor begins to charge up from your ohm
meter test. OK, that’s nice, but how can we use this principle in the real
world of ham radio? Let’s say you brought in 5 lines of coaxial cable
from your roof to the shack and you forgot to tag which one goes where.
Use a couple of alligator clip cables to take the big electrolytic capacitor,
and connect it across one coaxial cable end. Now head for the roof. Put
your ohmmeter on an intermediate scale, and start testing each cable. All
but one will look like an open connection, other than the one terminated
with the capacitor, which first looks like low resistance, and then you see
the needle meter show an increase in resistance with time. You’re so
37
smart!
Element 2 Technician Class
Question Pool
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Valid July 1, 2014
Through
June 30, 2018
38
T6C01
What is the name for standardized representations
of components in an electrical wiring diagram?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Electrical depictions
Grey sketch
Schematic symbols
Component callouts
39
T6C12
What do the symbols on an electrical circuit
schematic diagram represent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Electrical components
Logic states
Digital codes
Traffic nodes
40
T6C13
Which of the following is accurately represented
in electrical circuit schematic diagrams?
A. Wire lengths
B. Physical appearance of
components
C. The way components are
interconnected
D. All of these choices
41
T6C10
What is component 3 in figure T3?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Connector
Meter
Variable capacitor
Variable inductor
42
T6C11
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is component 4 in figure T3?
Antenna
Transmitter
Dummy load
Ground
43
T6D08
Which of the following is used together with an
inductor to make a tuned circuit?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Resistor
Zener diode
Potentiometer
Capacitor
44
T6D11
What is a simple resonant or tuned circuit?
A. An inductor and a capacitor connected in
series or parallel to form a filter
B. A type of voltage regulator
C. A resistor circuit used for reducing standing
wave ratio
D. A circuit designed to provide high fidelity
audio
45
T6C02
What is component 1 in figure T1?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Resistor
Transistor
Battery
connector
46
T6C03
What is component 2 in figure T1?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Resistor
Transistor
Indicator lamp
Connector
47
T6D10
What is the function of component 2 in
Figure T1?
A. Give off light when current
flows through it
B. Supply electrical energy
C. Control the flow of current
D. Convert electrical energy
into radio waves
48
T6C04
What is component 3 in figure T1?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Resistor
Transistor
Lamp
Ground symbol
49
T6C05
What is component 4 in figure T1?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Resistor
Transistor
Battery
Ground symbol
50
T6D03
A.
B.
C.
D.
What type of switch is represented by item 3 in
figure T2?
Single-pole single-throw
Single-pole double-throw
Double-pole single-throw
Double-pole double-throw
51
T6C09
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is component 4 in figure T2?
Variable inductor
Double-pole switch
Potentiometer
Transformer
52
T6C06
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is component 6 in figure T2?
Resistor
Capacitor
Regulator IC
Transistor
53
T6C07
What is component 8 in figure T2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Resistor
Inductor
Regulator IC
Light emitting diode
54
T6C08
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is component 9 in figure T2?
Variable capacitor
Variable inductor
Variable resistor
Variable transformer
55
T6D04
Which of the following can be used to display
signal strength on a numeric scale?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Potentiometer
Transistor
Meter
Relay
56
T6D02
What best describes a relay?
A. A switch controlled by an
electromagnet
B. A current controlled amplifier
C. An optical sensor
D. A pass transistor
57
T6D05
What type of circuit controls the amount of
voltage from a power supply?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Regulator
Oscillator
Filter
Phase inverter
58
T6D06
What component is commonly used to change
120V AC house current to a lower AC voltage for
other uses?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Variable capacitor
Transformer
Transistor
Diode
59
T6D09
What is the name of a device that combines
several semiconductors and other components
into one package?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Transducer
Multi-pole relay
Integrated circuit
Transformer
60
T5B09
What is the approximate amount of change,
measured in decibels (dB), of a power increase
from 5 watts to 10 watts?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 dB
3 dB
5 dB
10 dB
61
T5B10
What is the approximate amount of change,
measured in decibels (dB), of a power decrease
from 12 watts to 3 watts?
A.
B.
C.
D.
-1 dB
-3 dB
-6 dB
-9 dB
62
T5B11
What is the approximate amount of change,
measured in decibels (dB), of a power increase
from 20 watts to 200 watts? *
A.
B.
C.
D.
10 dB
12 dB
18 dB
28 dB
63
T6B07
What does the abbreviation "LED" stand for?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Low Emission Diode
Light Emitting Diode
Liquid Emission Detector
Long Echo Delay
64
T6D07
Which of the following is commonly used as a
visual indicator?
A.
B.
C.
D.
LED
FET
Zener diode
Bipolar transistor
65
T5B02
What is another way to specify a radio
signal frequency of 1,500,000 hertz?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1500 kHz
1500 MHz
15 GHz
150 kHz
66
T5B13
If a frequency readout shows a reading of 2425
MHz, what frequency is that in GHz?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.002425 GHz
24.25 GHz
2.425 GHz
2425 GHz
67
T5B03
How many volts are equal to one kilovolt?
A. One one-thousandth of
a volt
B. One hundred volts
C. One thousand volts
D. One million volts
68
T5B06
If an ammeter calibrated in amperes is used to
measure a 3000-milliampere current, what
reading would it show?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.003 amperes
0.3 amperes
3 amperes
3,000,000 amperes
69
T5B12
Which of the following frequencies is equal to
28,400 kHz?
A.
B.
C.
D.
28.400 MHz
2.800 MHz
284.00 MHz
28.400 kHz
70
T5B05
Which of the following is equivalent to 500
milliwatts?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.02 watts
0.5 watts
5 watts
50 watts
71
T5B01
How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
15 milliamperes
150 milliamperes
1,500 milliamperes
15,000 milliamperes
72
T5B08
How many microfarads are 1,000,000 picofarads?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.001 microfarads
1 microfarad
1000 microfarads
1,000,000,000 microfarads
73
T5B04
How many volts are equal to one microvolt?
A.
B.
C.
D.
One one-millionth of a volt
One million volts
One thousand kilovolts
One one-thousandth of a volt
74
T7D08
Which of the following types of solder is best for
radio and electronic use?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Acid-core solder
Silver solder
Rosin-core solder
Aluminum solder
75
T7D09
What is the characteristic appearance of a "cold"
solder joint?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Dark black spots
A bright or shiny surface
A grainy or dull surface
A greenish tint
76
T7D07
Which of the following measurements are
commonly made using a multimeter?
A.
B.
C.
D.
SWR and RF power
Signal strength and noise
Impedance and reactance
Voltage and resistance
77
T7D11
Which of the following precautions should be
taken when measuring circuit resistance with an
ohmmeter?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ensure that the applied voltages are correct
Ensure that the circuit is not powered
Ensure that the circuit is grounded
Ensure that the circuit is operating at the
correct frequency
78
T7D06
Which of the following might damage a
multimeter?
A. Measuring a voltage too small for the
chosen scale
B. Leaving the meter in the milliamps
position overnight
C. Attempting to measure voltage when using
the resistance setting
D. Not allowing it to warm up properly
79
T7D10
What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected
across an unpowered circuit, initially indicates a low
resistance and then shows increasing resistance with time?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The ohmmeter is defective
The circuit contains a large capacitor
The circuit contains a large inductor
The circuit is a relaxation oscillator
80