Download Integrated Science COS-Grade 9 2011 2012

Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
Course Description
Physical Science introduces students to key concepts and theories that provide a
foundation for further study in other sciences and advanced science disciplines. Physical
Science comprises the systematic study of the physical world as it relates to fundamental
concepts about matter, energy, and motion. A unified understanding of phenomena in
physical, living, Earth and space systems is the culmination of all previously learned
concepts related to chemistry, physics and Earth and space science, along with historical
perspective and mathematical reasoning.
Credit: 1
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Describe the identifiable physical properties of substances (e.g., color, hardness,
conductivity, density, concentration, and ductility). Explain how changes in these
properties can occur without changing the chemical nature of the substance.
CONTENT STATEMENT 9C

Investigate the properties of pure substances and mixtures (e.g., density, conductivity,
hardness, and properties of alloys, superconductors and semiconductors).

Chemical Changes Mixtures are
divided into two different types –
heterogeneous and homogeneous.

Pure substance – divided into
compounds and elements.
CONCEPTS
VOCABULARY
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Pure Substance
o Compounds
o Elements
Mixtures
o Homogeneous
o Heterogeneous
o Solutions
o Colloids
o Suspensions
Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
Physical Changes
States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Describe identifiable physical properties of a substance.
Explain how changes in these properties can occur without changing the chemical
nature of a substance.
Differentiate between physical properties and chemical properties.
Identify if a property of a substance is a physical property or a chemical property.
Diagram the breakdown of matter – list physical/chemical properties of examples.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules
react with each other or other atoms to form different substances.
CONTENT STATEMENT 8B

Demonstrate that the pH scale (0-14) is used to measure acidity and classify
substances or solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral.
CONCEPTS

pH scale – power of the hydrogen ion
concentration.

Scale: 0-14 - the lower on the scale,
the more acidic.

The higher on the scale, the more basic.

7 – neutral.

Acids have hydrogen ions.

Bases have hydroxide ions.
VOCABULARY
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pH Scale
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
Hydrogen Ion
Hydroxide Ion
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify acids/bases through the chemical formula.
Classify substances as acids or bases according to results of litmus paper testing.
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are
comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of
atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 1A

Recognize that all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons,
and elements with the same number of protons may or may not have the same mass.
Those with different masses (different numbers of neutrons) are called isotopes.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

In an atom, number of protons equals
number of electrons. Mass number
minus atomic number equals number of
neutrons.

All substances are made up of particles
that are in constant random motion.

As temperature increases, movement of
particles increase – volume increases.
VOCABULARY
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Proton
Neutron
Electron
Nucleus
Energy Levels
Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter
Atomic Numbers = number of protons
in an
atom.
 Mass Numbers = number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus.
 Average Atomic Mass = average mass
of all
isotopes of an element that
is found in nature.
 Isotope
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Diagram an atom containing all of the subatomic particles.
Identify atomic number and atomic mass using the periodic table.
Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom of an element
using the periodic table.
TOPIC : Study of Matter

Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are
comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of
atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 2A

Illustrate that atoms with the same number of positively charged protons and
negatively charged electrons are electrically neutral.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

Protons have a positive charge.
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Electrons have a negative charge.

Atoms with the same number of
protons and electrons are electrically
neutral.
VOCABULARY
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Protons
Electrons
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
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Describe electrical charges associated with the subatomic particles.
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules
react with each other or other atoms to form even different substances.
CONTENT STATEMENT 6B

Explain that the electric force between the nucleus and the electrons hold an atom
together. Relate that on a larger scale, electric forces hold solid and liquid materials
together (e.g., salt crystals and water).
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

Positive charges are attracted to
negative charges.
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Protons – positive are attracted to
electrons – negative – keeps atom
together.

On a larger scale:
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Ionic compounds – positive ions are
attracted to negative ions to form ionic
compounds.
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Polar covalent compounds – molecules
have a positive charge on one end and a
negative charge on the other end

Molecules are attracted to each other to
build the compound.
VOCABULARY
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Electrical Forces
Electro-negativity
Protons
Electrons
Ions
Ionic Compounds
Polar Covalent Molecules
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Describe how positive and negative ions are attracted to each other.
Diagram a polar-covalent molecule of water.
Diagram an atom with the positive protons in the nucleus and the negative electrons
surrounding the nucleus.
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are
comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of
atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 5A

Describe how ions are formed when an atom or a group of atoms acquire an
unbalanced charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

Atoms will either gain or lose electrons
to form positive or negative ions.
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Cation – positive ion.
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Anion – negative ion.
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Metals – give up electrons to form
positive ions.
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Non-metals – take in electrons to form
negative ions.
VOCABULARY
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Ion
Cation
Anion
Metals
Non-Metals
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Diagram ions with the number of protons and electrons.
Describe how charges are formed in ions.
Identify how atom placement on the periodic table relates to type of ion produced.
Example:
Metals – positive ions
Non-metals – negative ions
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are
comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of
atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 4A

Show that when elements are listed in order according to the number of protons
(called the atomic number), the repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties
identify families of elements. Recognize that the periodic table was formed as a
result of the repeating pattern of electron configurations.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS
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Elements on the periodic table are
listed in order of atomic number.
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Elements in the same period have the
same number of energy levels.
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Elements in the same group have the
same number of electrons in the outer
energy level and have similar
properties (Physics and Chemistry).
VOCABULARY
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Atomic Number
Family
Group
Period
Series
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
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Identify the group/family of an element given characteristics of the element such as
chemical activity, number of energy levels, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules
react with each other or other atoms to form even different substances.
CONTENT STATEMENT 7B

Show how atoms may be bonded together by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons and
that in a chemical reaction, the number, type of atoms and total mass must be the
same before and after the reaction (e.g., writing correct chemical formulas and
writing balanced chemical equations).
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

Atoms are bonded together by losing,
gaining, or sharing electrons.

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of
the reactants must be equal to the total
mass of the products.
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The atoms of each element in a
chemical reaction are balanced using
coefficients.
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During a chemical reaction energy is
either released or absorbed.
VOCABULARY
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Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
Chemical Bond
Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass)
Reactants
Products
Endothermic
Exothermic
Chemical Formula
Subscript
Coefficient
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify a formula of a compound given the names of the elements in the compounds.
Balance equations using coefficients.
Diagram the ionic bonding of elements showing giving/taking in of electrons.
Use dot diagrams to illustrate the sharing of electrons of covalent bonds.
TOPIC: Study of Matter

Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are
comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of
atoms.
CONTENT STATEMENT 3F

Describe radioactive substances as unstable nuclei that undergo random spontaneous
nuclear decay emitting particles and/or high energy wavelike radiation.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS
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Half-life is amount of time it takes for
½ of the nucleus to decay.
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Radiation in the form of slow/fast
neutrons, alpha particles, beta particles,
gamma rays and x-rays are given off.
VOCABULARY
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Radioactive
Half-Life
Nuclear Decay
Slow/Fast Neutrons
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Gamma Rays
X-Rays
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Students give examples and describe the use of isotopes for practical purposes.
Example: Carbon – 14 (dating)
Barium – (medicine)
Iodine – 130 (medicine)
131 (medicine)
TOPIC: Forces and Motion

Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 21D

Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the observer’s
frame of reference and describe the object’s motion in terms of position, velocity,
acceleration, and time.
CONCEPTS
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F.O.R. necessary ingredient to describe.
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Position, velocity, acceleration, and
time are used to describe motion.
VOCABULARY
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Position
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Time
Frame of Reference
Vector
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Calculate the acceleration M/S/S (distance/time/time).
Calculate the velocity (M/S) (distance/time) + direction.
Graph simple vectors (re: speed and acceleration).
Determine speed through slope of a Position vs Time graph.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion

Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 22D

Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest or maintains a
constant speed and direction of motion) unless an unbalanced (net) force acts on it.
CONCEPTS
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Net force is the combination of all
forces acting on an object.
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Forces can interact with objects without
physical contact. (Forces at a distance)
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F = ma
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Change in direction of position when a
force is applied and/or change in
velocity.
VOCABULARY
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Newtons 1st Law
Inertia
Balanced/Unbalanced Forces
Weight
Gravitational Fields
Magnetic Fields
Electrical Fields
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Illustrate and calculate net force.
Create a field model to represent forces at a distance.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion

Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONTENT STATEMENT 23D

Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that the
acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object. (Fnet = ma. Note that weight is the
gravitational force on a mass.)
CONCEPTS
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F = ma
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Change in direction of position when a
force is applied and/or change in
velocity.
VOCABULARY
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Newton’s 2nd Law
Balanced/Unbalanced Forces
Weight
Gravitational Force
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
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Illustrate and calculate Newton’s 2nd law.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion

Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 25D

Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the motion of objects (e.g.,
a car traveling around a curve, a block on an inclined plane, a person running, an
airplane in flight).
CONCEPTS
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Friction – transformation from
mechanical energy to heat.
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Friction - causes negative acceleration/
deceleration.
VOCABULARY
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Friction
Mechanical Energy
Action/Reaction
Heat Energy
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
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Create a lab demonstrating negative acceleration due to friction.
TOPIC: Forces and Motion

Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion.
CONTENT STATEMENT 24D

Demonstrate that whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal amount of
force is exerted back on the first object.
CONCEPTS

For every action, there is an
equal/opposite reaction.
VOCABULARY
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Newton’s 3rd Law
Action
Reaction
Force
PERFORMANCE SKILL

Depict a situation of your own where action/reaction occurs.
TOPIC: Energy

Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential
(stored).
CONTENT STATEMENT 12E
 Explain how an object’s kinetic energy depends on its mass and its speed
(KE = ½ mv2)
CONCEPTS
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KE = ½ mv

Kinetic energy is energy motion.
2
VOCABULARY
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Algebra
Energy In Motion
Velocity
Speed
Mass
PERFORMANCE SKILL:
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Calculate kinetic energy from its mass and velocity.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
TOPIC: Energy

Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential
(stored).
CONTENT STATEMENT 13E

Demonstrate that near Earth’s surface an object’s gravitational potential energy
depends upon its weight (mg where m is the object’s mass and g is the acceleration
due to gravity) and height (h) above a reference surface (PE = mgh).
CONCEPTS
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PE = mgh
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Height above the surface
VOCABULARY
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Potential Energy
Algebra
Mass
(g) Gravitational Constant of the
Planet
PERFORMANCE SKILL:

Calculate the potential energy from data with respect to mass, gravity, and height.
TOPIC: Energy

Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed, but the total quantity of
energy is conserved.
CONTENT STATEMENT 15F

Trace the transformations of energy within a system (e.g., chemical to electrical to
mechanical) and recognize that energy is conserved. Show that these transformations
involve the release of some thermal energy.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS
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Law of conservation of energy – energy
cannot be created or destroyed.
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Conduction is transfer of energy by
collision through matter.
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Conduction – slows from solids to
liquids to gases.
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Convection – transfer of thermal energy
by particle movement.
VOCABULARY
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Electrical
Chemical
Nuclear
Thermal
Sound
Light
Mechanical
Magnetic
Electromagnetic Energy
Solar
Conduction
Convection
Law of Energy
Work = Fx
PERFORMANCE SKILL

Illustrate energy conversions/transformations in various real-world applications.
TOPIC: Energy

Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed, but the total quantity of
energy is conserved.
CONTENT STATEMENT 14F

Summarize how nuclear reactions convert a small amount of matter into a large
amount of energy. (Fission involves the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller
nuclei; fusion is the joining of two small nuclei into a larger nucleus at extremely
high energies.)
CONCEPTS
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Fission – splitting of nucleus into
smaller parts.
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Fusion – combining of two nuclei into
larger nuclei.
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Tremendous amounts of energy are
released from both fusion and fission.
VOCABULARY
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Fission
Nuclear Reactions
Fusion
Splitting
Half-Life
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Diagram and label Ur238 split to Th and Ba and released energy.
Describe fusion reaction of H2 + H3 = > He + IN and released energy.
TOPIC: Energy

Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, and light) have energy and
waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter.
CONTENT STATEMENT 20G

Describe how waves can superimpose on one another when propagated in the same
medium. Analyze conditions in which waves can bend around corners, reflect off
surfaces, are absorbed by materials they enter, and change direction and speed when
entering a different material.
CONCEPTS
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Amplitude, frequency, velocity, wave
length, and period depend on the
density of the medium.
VOCABULARY
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Properties/Parts of a Wave
Types of Waves- Transverse &
Longitudinal
Constructive Interference
Deconstructive Interference
Propagation
Reflection
Refraction
Absorption
Density
PERFORMANCE SKILL:

Diagram propagation of a wave from one density to another.
TOPIC: Energy

Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, and light) have energy and
waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter.
CONTENT STATEMENT 19G

Show how the properties of a wave depend on the properties of the medium through
which it travels. Recognize that electromagnetic waves can be propagated with a
medium.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

Amplitude, frequency, velocity, wave
length, and period depend on the
density of the medium.
VOCABULARY
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Properties of Waves
Trough
Wave Length
Amplitude
Frequency
Medium
Propagation
PERFORMANCE SKILL:

Diagram the properties of a transverse wave as it travels through media of varying
density.
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide information
about the processes that cause changes in the composition and scale of the physical
universe.
CONTENT STATEMENT 2A

Describe the current scientific evidence that supports the theory of the explosive
expansion of the universe, the Big Bang, over 10 billion years ago.
CONCEPTS
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All matter and energy in the universe
was once packed into a dense, hot
sphere – gigantic explosion.
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Matter and energy were propelled
outward in all directions.
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Scientific evidence supports the theory
of explosive expansion of the universe.
Examine the progression of scientific
thought that has resulted in the current
theory.
VOCABULARY

Big Bang Theory
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Identify evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory.
Evidence supporting: deep space images of Hubble, black holes, Dopple Shift,
electromagnetic radiation and background, microwave radiation
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, and light) have energy and
waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter.
CONTENT STATEMENT 18G

Demonstrate that electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy. Recognize that light
acts as a wave. Show that visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g.,
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma
rays).
CONCEPTS
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Electromagnet waves depend on
electron jumps and nucleus changes.
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Electromagnet spectrum consists of full
range of frequencies and wave lengths.
VOCABULARY
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Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet
X-Rays
Gamma Rays (Cosmic Rays)
PERFORMANCE SKILL

Arrange the portions of the electromagnetic spectrum from least amount of energy to
most amount of energy.
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Explain the 4.5 billion-year-history of Earth and the 4 billion-year-history of life on
Earth based on observable scientific evidence in the geologic record.
CONTENT STATEMENT 3C

Explain that gravitational forces govern the characteristics and movement patterns of
the planets, solar systems, and galaxies.
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

Gravitational force is a measure of the
attractive force exerted by an object on
a 1 kg. Object held on its surface.

An orbit is a major repeating path that
an object in space follows.

An object in an orbit is called a
satellite.
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A balance between gravitational forces
and inertia results in an orbit.
VOCABULARY
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Gravitational Forces
Movements of Celestial Objects
PERFORMANCE SKILL

Describe how gravity is related to the amount of matter in an object.
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Explain that the universe is composed of vast amounts of matter, most of which is at
incomprehensible distances and held together by gravitational force. Describe how
the universe is studied by the use of equipment such as telescopes, probes, satellites,
and spacecraft.
CONTENT STATEMENT 5B (8th)

Explain that the universe consists of billions of galaxies that are classified by shape
and the distances between them are measured in light years.
CONCEPTS

Billions of galaxies in the universe
(ours is the Milky Way).

Galaxies are classified into three
categories based on shape.
VOCABULARY
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Galaxy
Universe
Astronomers
Milky Way
Spiral
Irregular Galaxies
Elliptical Galaxies
Light year
Telescope
Satellites
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:
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Compare and contrast the different types of galaxies.
Be able to explain why astronomers use the light year unit.
Describe the tools used to study the universe.
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide information
about the processes that cause changes in the composition and scale of the physical
universe.
CONTENT STATEMENT 1A

Describe that stars produce energy from nuclear reactions and that processes in stars
have led to the formation of all elements beyond hydrogen and helium.
CONCEPTS

Stars produce energy through nuclear
fusion reactions.

In nuclear fusion, the nuclei of smaller
atoms combine to form larger nuclei.

Stars differ from each other in size,
temperature, and age.
VOCABULARY
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Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Fusion
HR diagram
Life Cycle of Star
PERFORMANCE SKILL

Describe the process of nuclear fusion.
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Explain that many processes occur in patterns within the Earth’s systems.
CONTENT STATEMENT 4B

Explain the relationships of the oceans to the lithosphere and atmosphere (e.g.
transfer of energy, ocean currents, and landforms).
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
CONCEPTS

Ocean currents affect local weather.

Ocean changes land features through
weathering, erosion, and deposition.

Ocean currents affect global climate.

Global winds cause surface ocean
currents.
VOCABULARY
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Lithosphere
Transfer of Energy
Ocean Currents
Landforms
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:


Describe how wind patterns affect surface current.
Explain how differences in the density of ocean water affect the flow of deep
currents.
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Explain the processes that move and shape Earth’s surface.
CONTENT STATEMENT 5E

Explain how the slow movement of material within Earth results from:
a. thermal energy transfer (conduction and convection) from the deep interior;
b. the action of gravitational forces on regions of different density.
CONCEPTS

Convection currents in the mantle are
similar to convection currents in the
atmosphere.

Convection motion happens as a result
of the phenomena of buoyancy.

Convection – the transfer of heat
through the movement of heated
fluid/material.
VOCABULARY


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
Conduction
Convection
Gravitational Forces
Buoyancy
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science
2011-2012
Science Course of Study
PERFORMANCE SKILL:

Explain the role of convection currents in plate movement.
TOPIC: Earth and the Universe

Describe how the positions and motions of the objects in the universe cause
predictable and cyclic events.
CONTENT STATEMENT 1A (8th)

Describe how objects in the solar system are in regular and predictable motions that
explain such phenomena as days, years, and seasons.
CONCEPTS

Earth rotates, revolves, and wobbles in
space.

Earth and sun’s position in space
determines seasons, day, month, and
year.
VOCABULARY










Rotation
Axis
Revolution
Orbit
Ellipse
Aphelion
Perihelion
Hemisphere
Equinox
Solstice
PERFORMANCE SKILLS:


Describe the orbit of the Earth around the Sun.
Explain how seasons are rotated to the Earth’s position in space.