Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study Course Description Physical Science introduces students to key concepts and theories that provide a foundation for further study in other sciences and advanced science disciplines. Physical Science comprises the systematic study of the physical world as it relates to fundamental concepts about matter, energy, and motion. A unified understanding of phenomena in physical, living, Earth and space systems is the culmination of all previously learned concepts related to chemistry, physics and Earth and space science, along with historical perspective and mathematical reasoning. Credit: 1 Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study TOPIC: Study of Matter Describe the identifiable physical properties of substances (e.g., color, hardness, conductivity, density, concentration, and ductility). Explain how changes in these properties can occur without changing the chemical nature of the substance. CONTENT STATEMENT 9C Investigate the properties of pure substances and mixtures (e.g., density, conductivity, hardness, and properties of alloys, superconductors and semiconductors). Chemical Changes Mixtures are divided into two different types – heterogeneous and homogeneous. Pure substance – divided into compounds and elements. CONCEPTS VOCABULARY Pure Substance o Compounds o Elements Mixtures o Homogeneous o Heterogeneous o Solutions o Colloids o Suspensions Chemical Properties Physical Properties Physical Changes States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Describe identifiable physical properties of a substance. Explain how changes in these properties can occur without changing the chemical nature of a substance. Differentiate between physical properties and chemical properties. Identify if a property of a substance is a physical property or a chemical property. Diagram the breakdown of matter – list physical/chemical properties of examples. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study TOPIC: Study of Matter Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules react with each other or other atoms to form different substances. CONTENT STATEMENT 8B Demonstrate that the pH scale (0-14) is used to measure acidity and classify substances or solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral. CONCEPTS pH scale – power of the hydrogen ion concentration. Scale: 0-14 - the lower on the scale, the more acidic. The higher on the scale, the more basic. 7 – neutral. Acids have hydrogen ions. Bases have hydroxide ions. VOCABULARY pH Scale Acidic Basic Neutral Hydrogen Ion Hydroxide Ion PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Identify acids/bases through the chemical formula. Classify substances as acids or bases according to results of litmus paper testing. TOPIC: Study of Matter Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms. CONTENT STATEMENT 1A Recognize that all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons, and elements with the same number of protons may or may not have the same mass. Those with different masses (different numbers of neutrons) are called isotopes. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS In an atom, number of protons equals number of electrons. Mass number minus atomic number equals number of neutrons. All substances are made up of particles that are in constant random motion. As temperature increases, movement of particles increase – volume increases. VOCABULARY Proton Neutron Electron Nucleus Energy Levels Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter Atomic Numbers = number of protons in an atom. Mass Numbers = number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Average Atomic Mass = average mass of all isotopes of an element that is found in nature. Isotope PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Diagram an atom containing all of the subatomic particles. Identify atomic number and atomic mass using the periodic table. Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom of an element using the periodic table. TOPIC : Study of Matter Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms. CONTENT STATEMENT 2A Illustrate that atoms with the same number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons are electrically neutral. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. Atoms with the same number of protons and electrons are electrically neutral. VOCABULARY Protons Electrons PERFORMANCE SKILL: Describe electrical charges associated with the subatomic particles. TOPIC: Study of Matter Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules react with each other or other atoms to form even different substances. CONTENT STATEMENT 6B Explain that the electric force between the nucleus and the electrons hold an atom together. Relate that on a larger scale, electric forces hold solid and liquid materials together (e.g., salt crystals and water). Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Positive charges are attracted to negative charges. Protons – positive are attracted to electrons – negative – keeps atom together. On a larger scale: Ionic compounds – positive ions are attracted to negative ions to form ionic compounds. Polar covalent compounds – molecules have a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end Molecules are attracted to each other to build the compound. VOCABULARY Electrical Forces Electro-negativity Protons Electrons Ions Ionic Compounds Polar Covalent Molecules PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Describe how positive and negative ions are attracted to each other. Diagram a polar-covalent molecule of water. Diagram an atom with the positive protons in the nucleus and the negative electrons surrounding the nucleus. TOPIC: Study of Matter Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms. CONTENT STATEMENT 5A Describe how ions are formed when an atom or a group of atoms acquire an unbalanced charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Atoms will either gain or lose electrons to form positive or negative ions. Cation – positive ion. Anion – negative ion. Metals – give up electrons to form positive ions. Non-metals – take in electrons to form negative ions. VOCABULARY Ion Cation Anion Metals Non-Metals PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Diagram ions with the number of protons and electrons. Describe how charges are formed in ions. Identify how atom placement on the periodic table relates to type of ion produced. Example: Metals – positive ions Non-metals – negative ions TOPIC: Study of Matter Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms. CONTENT STATEMENT 4A Show that when elements are listed in order according to the number of protons (called the atomic number), the repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of elements. Recognize that the periodic table was formed as a result of the repeating pattern of electron configurations. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Elements on the periodic table are listed in order of atomic number. Elements in the same period have the same number of energy levels. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer energy level and have similar properties (Physics and Chemistry). VOCABULARY Atomic Number Family Group Period Series PERFORMANCE SKILL: Identify the group/family of an element given characteristics of the element such as chemical activity, number of energy levels, and numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. TOPIC: Study of Matter Explain how atoms react with each other to form other substances and how molecules react with each other or other atoms to form even different substances. CONTENT STATEMENT 7B Show how atoms may be bonded together by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons and that in a chemical reaction, the number, type of atoms and total mass must be the same before and after the reaction (e.g., writing correct chemical formulas and writing balanced chemical equations). Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Atoms are bonded together by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons. In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants must be equal to the total mass of the products. The atoms of each element in a chemical reaction are balanced using coefficients. During a chemical reaction energy is either released or absorbed. VOCABULARY Covalent Bond Ionic Bond Polar Covalent Bond Chemical Bond Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass) Reactants Products Endothermic Exothermic Chemical Formula Subscript Coefficient PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Identify a formula of a compound given the names of the elements in the compounds. Balance equations using coefficients. Diagram the ionic bonding of elements showing giving/taking in of electrons. Use dot diagrams to illustrate the sharing of electrons of covalent bonds. TOPIC: Study of Matter Describe that matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are comprised of even smaller components. Explain the structure and properties of atoms. CONTENT STATEMENT 3F Describe radioactive substances as unstable nuclei that undergo random spontaneous nuclear decay emitting particles and/or high energy wavelike radiation. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Half-life is amount of time it takes for ½ of the nucleus to decay. Radiation in the form of slow/fast neutrons, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays and x-rays are given off. VOCABULARY Radioactive Half-Life Nuclear Decay Slow/Fast Neutrons Alpha Particles Beta Particles Gamma Rays X-Rays PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Students give examples and describe the use of isotopes for practical purposes. Example: Carbon – 14 (dating) Barium – (medicine) Iodine – 130 (medicine) 131 (medicine) TOPIC: Forces and Motion Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. CONTENT STATEMENT 21D Demonstrate that motion is a measurable quantity that depends on the observer’s frame of reference and describe the object’s motion in terms of position, velocity, acceleration, and time. CONCEPTS F.O.R. necessary ingredient to describe. Position, velocity, acceleration, and time are used to describe motion. VOCABULARY Position Displacement Velocity Acceleration Time Frame of Reference Vector Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Calculate the acceleration M/S/S (distance/time/time). Calculate the velocity (M/S) (distance/time) + direction. Graph simple vectors (re: speed and acceleration). Determine speed through slope of a Position vs Time graph. TOPIC: Forces and Motion Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. CONTENT STATEMENT 22D Demonstrate that any object does not accelerate (remains at rest or maintains a constant speed and direction of motion) unless an unbalanced (net) force acts on it. CONCEPTS Net force is the combination of all forces acting on an object. Forces can interact with objects without physical contact. (Forces at a distance) F = ma Change in direction of position when a force is applied and/or change in velocity. VOCABULARY Newtons 1st Law Inertia Balanced/Unbalanced Forces Weight Gravitational Fields Magnetic Fields Electrical Fields PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Illustrate and calculate net force. Create a field model to represent forces at a distance. TOPIC: Forces and Motion Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONTENT STATEMENT 23D Explain the change in motion (acceleration) of an object. Demonstrate that the acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. (Fnet = ma. Note that weight is the gravitational force on a mass.) CONCEPTS F = ma Change in direction of position when a force is applied and/or change in velocity. VOCABULARY Newton’s 2nd Law Balanced/Unbalanced Forces Weight Gravitational Force PERFORMANCE SKILL: Illustrate and calculate Newton’s 2nd law. TOPIC: Forces and Motion Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. CONTENT STATEMENT 25D Demonstrate the ways in which frictional forces constrain the motion of objects (e.g., a car traveling around a curve, a block on an inclined plane, a person running, an airplane in flight). CONCEPTS Friction – transformation from mechanical energy to heat. Friction - causes negative acceleration/ deceleration. VOCABULARY Friction Mechanical Energy Action/Reaction Heat Energy Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study PERFORMANCE SKILL: Create a lab demonstrating negative acceleration due to friction. TOPIC: Forces and Motion Explain the movement of objects by applying Newton’s three laws of motion. CONTENT STATEMENT 24D Demonstrate that whenever one object exerts a force on another, an equal amount of force is exerted back on the first object. CONCEPTS For every action, there is an equal/opposite reaction. VOCABULARY Newton’s 3rd Law Action Reaction Force PERFORMANCE SKILL Depict a situation of your own where action/reaction occurs. TOPIC: Energy Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential (stored). CONTENT STATEMENT 12E Explain how an object’s kinetic energy depends on its mass and its speed (KE = ½ mv2) CONCEPTS KE = ½ mv Kinetic energy is energy motion. 2 VOCABULARY Algebra Energy In Motion Velocity Speed Mass PERFORMANCE SKILL: Calculate kinetic energy from its mass and velocity. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study TOPIC: Energy Demonstrate that energy can be considered to be either kinetic (motion) or potential (stored). CONTENT STATEMENT 13E Demonstrate that near Earth’s surface an object’s gravitational potential energy depends upon its weight (mg where m is the object’s mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity) and height (h) above a reference surface (PE = mgh). CONCEPTS PE = mgh Height above the surface VOCABULARY Potential Energy Algebra Mass (g) Gravitational Constant of the Planet PERFORMANCE SKILL: Calculate the potential energy from data with respect to mass, gravity, and height. TOPIC: Energy Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed, but the total quantity of energy is conserved. CONTENT STATEMENT 15F Trace the transformations of energy within a system (e.g., chemical to electrical to mechanical) and recognize that energy is conserved. Show that these transformations involve the release of some thermal energy. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Law of conservation of energy – energy cannot be created or destroyed. Conduction is transfer of energy by collision through matter. Conduction – slows from solids to liquids to gases. Convection – transfer of thermal energy by particle movement. VOCABULARY Electrical Chemical Nuclear Thermal Sound Light Mechanical Magnetic Electromagnetic Energy Solar Conduction Convection Law of Energy Work = Fx PERFORMANCE SKILL Illustrate energy conversions/transformations in various real-world applications. TOPIC: Energy Explain how energy may change form or be redistributed, but the total quantity of energy is conserved. CONTENT STATEMENT 14F Summarize how nuclear reactions convert a small amount of matter into a large amount of energy. (Fission involves the splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei; fusion is the joining of two small nuclei into a larger nucleus at extremely high energies.) CONCEPTS Fission – splitting of nucleus into smaller parts. Fusion – combining of two nuclei into larger nuclei. Tremendous amounts of energy are released from both fusion and fission. VOCABULARY Fission Nuclear Reactions Fusion Splitting Half-Life Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Diagram and label Ur238 split to Th and Ba and released energy. Describe fusion reaction of H2 + H3 = > He + IN and released energy. TOPIC: Energy Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, and light) have energy and waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter. CONTENT STATEMENT 20G Describe how waves can superimpose on one another when propagated in the same medium. Analyze conditions in which waves can bend around corners, reflect off surfaces, are absorbed by materials they enter, and change direction and speed when entering a different material. CONCEPTS Amplitude, frequency, velocity, wave length, and period depend on the density of the medium. VOCABULARY Properties/Parts of a Wave Types of Waves- Transverse & Longitudinal Constructive Interference Deconstructive Interference Propagation Reflection Refraction Absorption Density PERFORMANCE SKILL: Diagram propagation of a wave from one density to another. TOPIC: Energy Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, and light) have energy and waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter. CONTENT STATEMENT 19G Show how the properties of a wave depend on the properties of the medium through which it travels. Recognize that electromagnetic waves can be propagated with a medium. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Amplitude, frequency, velocity, wave length, and period depend on the density of the medium. VOCABULARY Properties of Waves Trough Wave Length Amplitude Frequency Medium Propagation PERFORMANCE SKILL: Diagram the properties of a transverse wave as it travels through media of varying density. TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide information about the processes that cause changes in the composition and scale of the physical universe. CONTENT STATEMENT 2A Describe the current scientific evidence that supports the theory of the explosive expansion of the universe, the Big Bang, over 10 billion years ago. CONCEPTS All matter and energy in the universe was once packed into a dense, hot sphere – gigantic explosion. Matter and energy were propelled outward in all directions. Scientific evidence supports the theory of explosive expansion of the universe. Examine the progression of scientific thought that has resulted in the current theory. VOCABULARY Big Bang Theory Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Identify evidence that supports the Big Bang Theory. Evidence supporting: deep space images of Hubble, black holes, Dopple Shift, electromagnetic radiation and background, microwave radiation TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Demonstrate that waves (e.g., sound, seismic, water, and light) have energy and waves can transfer energy when they interact with matter. CONTENT STATEMENT 18G Demonstrate that electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy. Recognize that light acts as a wave. Show that visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays). CONCEPTS Electromagnet waves depend on electron jumps and nucleus changes. Electromagnet spectrum consists of full range of frequencies and wave lengths. VOCABULARY Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared Visible Light Ultraviolet X-Rays Gamma Rays (Cosmic Rays) PERFORMANCE SKILL Arrange the portions of the electromagnetic spectrum from least amount of energy to most amount of energy. TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Explain the 4.5 billion-year-history of Earth and the 4 billion-year-history of life on Earth based on observable scientific evidence in the geologic record. CONTENT STATEMENT 3C Explain that gravitational forces govern the characteristics and movement patterns of the planets, solar systems, and galaxies. Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Gravitational force is a measure of the attractive force exerted by an object on a 1 kg. Object held on its surface. An orbit is a major repeating path that an object in space follows. An object in an orbit is called a satellite. A balance between gravitational forces and inertia results in an orbit. VOCABULARY Gravitational Forces Movements of Celestial Objects PERFORMANCE SKILL Describe how gravity is related to the amount of matter in an object. TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Explain that the universe is composed of vast amounts of matter, most of which is at incomprehensible distances and held together by gravitational force. Describe how the universe is studied by the use of equipment such as telescopes, probes, satellites, and spacecraft. CONTENT STATEMENT 5B (8th) Explain that the universe consists of billions of galaxies that are classified by shape and the distances between them are measured in light years. CONCEPTS Billions of galaxies in the universe (ours is the Milky Way). Galaxies are classified into three categories based on shape. VOCABULARY Galaxy Universe Astronomers Milky Way Spiral Irregular Galaxies Elliptical Galaxies Light year Telescope Satellites Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Compare and contrast the different types of galaxies. Be able to explain why astronomers use the light year unit. Describe the tools used to study the universe. TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Explain how evidence from stars and other celestial objects provide information about the processes that cause changes in the composition and scale of the physical universe. CONTENT STATEMENT 1A Describe that stars produce energy from nuclear reactions and that processes in stars have led to the formation of all elements beyond hydrogen and helium. CONCEPTS Stars produce energy through nuclear fusion reactions. In nuclear fusion, the nuclei of smaller atoms combine to form larger nuclei. Stars differ from each other in size, temperature, and age. VOCABULARY Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Fusion HR diagram Life Cycle of Star PERFORMANCE SKILL Describe the process of nuclear fusion. TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Explain that many processes occur in patterns within the Earth’s systems. CONTENT STATEMENT 4B Explain the relationships of the oceans to the lithosphere and atmosphere (e.g. transfer of energy, ocean currents, and landforms). Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study CONCEPTS Ocean currents affect local weather. Ocean changes land features through weathering, erosion, and deposition. Ocean currents affect global climate. Global winds cause surface ocean currents. VOCABULARY Lithosphere Transfer of Energy Ocean Currents Landforms PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Describe how wind patterns affect surface current. Explain how differences in the density of ocean water affect the flow of deep currents. TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Explain the processes that move and shape Earth’s surface. CONTENT STATEMENT 5E Explain how the slow movement of material within Earth results from: a. thermal energy transfer (conduction and convection) from the deep interior; b. the action of gravitational forces on regions of different density. CONCEPTS Convection currents in the mantle are similar to convection currents in the atmosphere. Convection motion happens as a result of the phenomena of buoyancy. Convection – the transfer of heat through the movement of heated fluid/material. VOCABULARY Conduction Convection Gravitational Forces Buoyancy Grade Nine: Integrated Physical Science 2011-2012 Science Course of Study PERFORMANCE SKILL: Explain the role of convection currents in plate movement. TOPIC: Earth and the Universe Describe how the positions and motions of the objects in the universe cause predictable and cyclic events. CONTENT STATEMENT 1A (8th) Describe how objects in the solar system are in regular and predictable motions that explain such phenomena as days, years, and seasons. CONCEPTS Earth rotates, revolves, and wobbles in space. Earth and sun’s position in space determines seasons, day, month, and year. VOCABULARY Rotation Axis Revolution Orbit Ellipse Aphelion Perihelion Hemisphere Equinox Solstice PERFORMANCE SKILLS: Describe the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. Explain how seasons are rotated to the Earth’s position in space.