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Plants
Three Weeks
The study of Plants
 Botany – is the study of plants
 Botanist – is the person who studies the plants
 Herbalist – is a person who
studies herbs and plants for
medicinal purposes (medicine)
Outline
 Characteristics of Plants
 Plant Anatomy and Importance
 Transpiration
 Observing Edible Plants
 Plant Life Cycle
 Adaptations
Characteristics of Plants
• Plants
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Are Multicellular
Have a Nucleus with DNA
Go through Photosynthesis
Contain Cell Walls
Are Sessile (Meaning That They Do not Move)
Plant Importance
 What makes plants so important in our ecosystem?
 Food: Everything we eat comes directly or indirectly
from plants. Throughout human history,
approximately 7,000 different plant species have been
used as food by people.
 Water: Plants regulate the water cycle: they help
distribute and purify the planet's water. They also
help move water from the soil to the atmosphere
through a process called transpiration.
Plant Importance
Continued…
 Medicine: One-quarter of all prescription drugs come
directly from or are derivatives of plants.
Additionally, four out of five people around the world
today rely on plants for primary health care
 Air: Oxygen is brought to you by plants, as a
byproduct of photosynthesis.
 Habitat: Of course, aside from humans' myriad uses,
plants make up the backbone of all habitats. Other
species of fish and wildlife also depend on plants for
food and shelter.
Plant Diagram
Plant Anatomy
 Plant tissue are organized into 3 main groups:
Roots, Stems, and Leaves
These are broken up into
two systems
Shoot System: includes the stems and leaves and is
where photosynthesis, support, and storage occur.
Root System: is below the ground and holds the plant
in place and lets a plant take up water and nutrients
from the soil.
Roots
Functions of Roots:
1. Anchors the plant.
2. Absorbs water and minerals.
3. Stores food that was produced
in the leaves.
Root Types
1. Tap roots: deep growing, ideal for absorbing
deep water and storing food.
Examples: Carrots, Beets
2. Fibrous roots: shallow growing, ideal for
absorbing surface water and preventing soil erosion.
Example: Grass
Parts of a Plant Continued
The Stem: Holds plants upright and transports
materials between the leaves and the roots.
The Leaves: Capture sunlight for the
process of photosynthesis and exchange
materials with the air.
The Stem of a Tree
Cork (bark): Protects the tree from weather, insects,
and fires.
Cork Cambium: Produces new cork.
Xylem and Phloem
within a Plant
Xylem: Transports water
up from
the roots to the leaves.
Phloem: Transports food
down from the leaves to
the roots.
Vein: A bundle of phloem
and xylem
vessels coming from the
stem.
The Leaf
Cuticle: (waxy cuticle) prevents loss of
water.
Epidermal Hairs: prevents loss of water
by blowing winds.
Epidermis: outer layer that protects leaf.
Leaf Anatomy (Parts)
Palisade Layer: Most of the leaf’s chloroplasts are in
this layer.
Spongy Layer: This layer has large spaces between
cells to allow water and gases to move through.
Leaf Anatomy (Parts)
Continued
Stomata: Openings in the bottom of a leaf that allow
air, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to come in
and out of the plant.
Guard Cells: They open and close the stomata.
Leaf Anatomy (Parts)
Continued
 Stomata can close to stop water loss. Therefore,
during drought stomata close
3 Types of Plant Tissue
Dermal Tissue: the tissue that covers a plant, like
skin. This tissue helps protect the plant from injury
or drying out.
Vascular Tissue: Carries water, nutrients, and sugars
through a plant. (Xylem, Phloem)
Ground Tissue: the tissue in all parts of the plant,
between the dermal and vascular tissue.
Plant Processes
 Photosynthesis
 Chlorophyll
 Transpiration
Photosynthesis and
Chloropyll
Photosynthesis: The process of using sunlight to
produce sugar.
Chlorophyll (inside Chloroplast):a light absorbing
chemical that traps the energy from sunlight and
converts it to sugar. (Reason plants are Green.)
Transpiration
 Transpiration: The process of pulling water from
the roots up to the leaves.
The Flower
 Its basic function is for reproductive purposes
 They make make pollen, which reaches other
flowers to fertilize eggs and make new seeds.
Flower Anatomy (Parts)
Flower: produces seeds for reproduction.
Sepal: protects the delicate petals before
it opens up (blooms).
Petal: colors and patterns used to attract
pollinators and protects the internal
parts of the flower
Stamen: (Male) produces pollen.
Pollen: is a dry structure that holds a sperm cell.
Pistil: (Female) produces eggs.
Observing Edible
Plants Lab
 How could we prove that celery has xylem?
Supplies/Directions
 In your groups you should have a celery, a cup of
water, fork, and food dye.
 1st Step is to place the dye in the water and stir it with
your fork.
 2nd Step is to place your celery into the water.
 3rd Observe what is happening.
In your notebook you
should have:
 1. Colored, labeled diagram for your celery
 2. Explanation for why this is happening.
 3. Prediction for what it will look like tomorrow.
 We will observe and illustrate next class!
Flower Life Cycle
Pollination: when pollen is
successfully transferred from an
anther to a stigma.
Self Pollination: from anther to
stigma on the same plant.
Cross Pollination: from the anther on
one
plant to the stigma on
another plant.
Pollen
Ways pollen can be transferred:
-Wind
-Animals…insects, spiders, birds
Continued…
Fertilization: when a pollen tube
transfers the genes into the
egg.
Seeds: a structure that has 3
parts
1. Plant embryo 2. Food 3.
Protective coat
Embryo: an immature form of an
organism that can grow and
develop.
Seed Dispersal:
1. Parachutes / Sails…carried by winds.
2. Hooks and Barbs…attach to animals
passing by.
3. Fruits…animals eat fruit and seeds.
Types of Plants
Fruits: is a mature plant ovary.
Examples: Apple, Cherry, Nuts
Vegetables: are other plant parts.
Examples: Carrots-Roots, Celery-Stems,
Lettuce- Leaves
Foods we often call vegetables are really fruits because
they contain seeds inside.
Some plants do not have flowers.
Examples: Mosses, Ferns, Some Trees
Mosses / Ferns: Reproduce by spores and need
water. The sperm of these plants can only move
through water to reach the eggs.
Trees: (Cone-Bearing Trees) Reproduce by means of
pollen that is produced by a male cone and travels
by wind to a female cone. The seeds then develop
in the female cone.
Example: Pine Trees
Vegetative Propagation: is a form of asexual
reproduction in which new plants grow from stems,
leaves, roots, and other non-reproductive tissue.
Many plants reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Plant Adaptations
Plant Adaptations: help plants survive (live and grow)
in different areas.
\Adaptations: are special features that allow a plant to
live in a particular place or habitat.
Continued…
 Stem Adaptation: Desert plants, such as cactus,
often have thick stems that store water, an
adaptation for dry environments.
Leaf Adaptations
Leaf Adaptation: Cactus have sharp spines that are
modified leaves, the spines protect against water
loss. This is an adaptation for a dry environment.
-Some plants modify leaves that can wrap around
other plants or structures to help the plant grow
upward.
(Example: Bougainvillea)
Root Adaptations
Root Adaptation: A cactus has shallow roots that help
quickly absorb as much water as possible from a
rain shower.
-Some plants grow on the trunks of tall trees in the
rain forest and the roots never
touch the soil.
Life Cycle of a Tree
1.
Meiosis: Sperm and Egg are produced.
2.
Pollination: Pollen reaches the pistil of a
flower and creates a pollen tube.
3.
Fertilization: The sperm cell reaches the
egg and fertilization occurs creating a seed
and an ovary.
4. Seeds and Fruits: Seed or Fruit fall to
ground and can develop into a new tree.