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Name________________________________________________ Page #________ Date_________ Period_________ Review: Final Exam Unit 2 (Ecology) Directions: Use all of your science resources (your textbook, notes, worksheets, lab reports, old tests and quizzes, etc.) to complete this review packet in preparation of the final exam. 1. What is the Biosphere? Name and describe its 3 parts? The Biosphere is where life exists. The three parts are the hydrosphere (water), lithosphere (land), and atmosphere up to the highest point of the lithosphere (air). 2. Use the t-chart below to compare the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic -living things examples: -tree -acorn -squirrel Abiotic -non-living things -things that never lived -things that are no longer living examples: -air -rock -sun 3. Name and describe the 4 organic chemicals of life in the chart below. Chemical of Life Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Description chains of sugars linked together to make either simple sugars or complex carbohydrates (starches); 1st chemical to be metabolized AKA fats; can either be solid (animal based) or liquid (plant based) at room temperature; 2nd chemical to be metabolized for energy the “building blocks of life;” made of amino acid chains; 3rd chemical to be metabolized by an organism for energy make up DNA and RNA, the directions for cells; an organism will die before metabolizing this chemical 4. What are the 6 characteristics of all biotic factors? The 6 characteristics are: grow and develop; reproduce; have similar chemicals; respond to their environment; are made of cells (cellular organization); and use energy 5. Name and define the 4 parts of the Levels of Organization in an Ecosystem. Also draw the pyramid with the least complex at the top to most complex at the bottom. The 4 parts of an ecosystem are: organism - a single living thing of a given species population – all of the organisms of the same species interacting within a given area community – all the different populations in a given area interacting with each other ecosystem – all of the biotic and abiotic factors interacting within a given area Organism Population Community Ecosystem 6. Know the following definitions found on Glossary: Unit II Terms: Habitat, niche, adaptation 7. Know the following definitions found on Glossary: Unit II Terms and complete the associated chart with the appropriate inequalities: birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration A population will increase when… A population will decrease when… birth rate > death rate death rate > birth rate immigration > emigration emigration > immigration 8. Name and describe the 4 methods that scientists use to determine population size. Method Description Direct observation a headcount of every member of the population; best for nonmoving or slow-moving organisms (i.e plants, snails, etc.) Indirect observation using evidence (nests, tracks, droppings, etc.) to estimate the population size (i.e. 10 nests x 2 birds/nest = 20 birds) Sampling taking a sample population in a smaller part of a larger marked off area and multiplying that population by the total large area Mark and recapture set traps, mark the caught animals and release them; set new traps, checking marked vs. unmarked, use a formula 9. Using the space below, draw, label, and describe the carrying capacity graph. A population grows until it reaches carrying capacity, exceeds carrying capacity, falls below carrying capacity, and then fluctuates around carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is controlled by the limiting factors of an area. 10. Know the following definitions found on Glossary: Unit II Terms: Competition, predator, prey, symbiotic relationship (symbiosis) 11. In the chart below, list the 3 different types of symbiotic relationships. Indicate whether an organism benefits (+), neither benefits nor is harmed (0), or is being harmed (-) by such a relationship. Symbiotic Relationship Organism 1 Organism 2 Mutualism – both organisms benefit + + Commensalism – one benefits; the other is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism – one benefits; the other is harmed + 0 + -- 12. Know the following definitions found on Glossary: Unit II Terms: Producer, consumer, autotroph, heterotroph, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, decomposer, food chain, food web 13. Why is a complex food web better than a simple food chain for the survival of a community? A complex food web is better because if a particular species is eliminated from a food web, the entire ecosystem has a lower chance of collapsing due to that loss. 14. Using the organisms below, construct a food web. Please include their energy roles (producer, 1st, 2nd, 3rd level consumer, decomposer). Gray squirrel Oak tree (acorn) Red-tailed hawk Eastern chipmunk Bacteria 15. Know the following definitions found on Glossary: Unit II Terms: energy pyramid, trophic level 16. Following one of the chains from #14, please fill in the energy pyramid below. Please include the energy roles and trophic levels. If the producer at the bottom starts with 1000 kcal, how many kcal will make it to the 1 kcal decomposer at the top? th Bacteria –decomp. (4 trophic level) **only 10% will be kept from one level to the next Red-tailed hawk –2nd lvl. cons. (3rd trophic level) Gray squirrel –1st lvl. cons. (2nd trophic level) 10 kcal 100 kcal Red oak - Producer (1st trophic level) 1000 kcal 17. What provides the energy for all food webs, food chains, and energy pyramids? The sun provides the energy for the producers of food webs, chains, and pyramids. 18. What is biogeography? Biogeography is the study of where organisms live and how they got there. 19. What are the three means of dispersal? The three means of dispersal are wind, water, and other living things. 20. What are the three limits to dispersal? The three limits to dispersal are competition for resources with native inhabitants, physical barriers (oceans, mountains, deserts, etc.), and climate. 21. What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather is the day-to-day temperature, precipitation, etc. Climate is the trends that exist in the weather over an extended period of time. 22. What is a biome? What factors determine where biomes exist? A biome is a group of ecosystems with similar climate features and organisms. The climate of a given area determines what biome exists there. 23. Know all of the following information about all biomes (find your chart). a. climate features including temperature, annual precipitation, and precip. type b. distinguishing characteristics c. animals examples and their adaptations d. plant examples and their adaptations e. environmental issues 24. Fill in the chart below on point vs. non-point pollution. Type of Definition Examples pollution Point Pollution comes from a “single identifiable localized source” -air pollution from a gas stack -water and soil pollution from an oil refinery’s wastewater Non-point Pollution a type of water pollution that does not come from a direct source mostly from poor agricultural practices -fertilizer run-off -pesticide/herbicide run-off - Great Moo Poo Debate 25. Be able to identify the diagram of each Cycle of Matter below. Also be able to describe what is going on in each cycle. Water Cycle, Carbon/Oxygen Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle 26. Write the formulas for photosynthesis and respiration below. Photosynthesis light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 27. What gas makes up about 78% of the atmosphere? Nitrogen 28. Know the following definitions found on Glossary: Unit II Terms: Succession, primary succession, secondary succession, pioneer species