Download SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE Overview: Content Areas 4

SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Overview:
Content Areas
A. 4 General Questions: 1st Semester
B. Time Period: Fall of Rome to Absolutism
C. Text Chapters: 5(5), 7, 8, 9,10(1-2),13,15 (2,4), and 16
Parts of the Test
67% covers factual knowledge
Format:
 33 multiple choice
 18 identification of geographical elements on map
33% Analysis and Interpretation
 Format: 2 short essays
 based on questions posed on primary and secondary source materials.
**Extra-Credit: Identify 6 key concepts from visual images
1.
3.
2.
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 5 (section 5)
VOCABULARY
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Diocletian- emperor who divided the Roman Empire into two parts. He controlled the wealthier eastern part. He
also fixed the prices to slow inflation
Inflation- the rapid rise of prices
Maximan- the co-emperor that Diocletian appointed to rule the western provinces of the Roman Empire
Constantine- emperor who continued Diocletian’s reform. As emperor, he granted toleration to Christians and he
established a new capital, Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople
Huns- nomadic people who migrated from central Asia toward eastern Europe, and were skilled riders who fought
fierce battles to dislodge the Germanic peoples
Mercenaries- foreign soldiers serving for pay
Chapter 7
Chapter 7 (The Rise of Europe) Section 1 (The Early Middle Ages)
VOCABULARY
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Clovis- king of the Franks who conquered the former Roman province of Gaul (France), converted to Christianity
(the religion of his subjects in Gaul), gained their support and the support of the pope
Medieval- the culture of the Middle Ages from roughly 500 to 1500
Franks- Germanic tribe that conquered parts of the Roman empire and was under the rule of Clovis, followed
Christianity
Charles Martel- rallied Frankish warriors to stop the Muslim army that had crossed into France for the Battle of
Tours
Battle of Tours- The battle in which the Christians triumphed over the Muslims and stopped the Muslims
advancement, Christians believed God was on their side
Charlemagne (Charles the Great)- grandson of Charles Martel who became king of the Franks, he briefly united
Western Europe when he built an empire reaching across what is now France, Germany, and part of Italy. Spent
much of his reign fighting Muslims in Spain
Chapter 7 Section 2 (Feudalism and the Manor Economy)
VOCABULARY
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Feudalism- a loosely organized (ad hoc) system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings
among lesser lords
Vassals- lesser lords who pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord
Feudal contract- an exchange of pledges between lords and vassals based on the exchange of land for loyalty and
military service
Fief- an estate that the lord granted his vassal that ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles
Knight- a mounted warrior who battled constantly for power and began training at boyhood. Used swords, axes,
and lances. They fought in tournaments
Tournaments- mock battles that knights fought in
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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Chivalry- a code of conduct that required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. In warfare they were
supposed to fight fairly
Troubadours- wandering musicians who sang about the brave deeds of knights and their devotion to their lady
loves. Their songs were basics for epic stories and poems.
Manor- the lord’s estate which was the heart of the feudal economy
Serfs- peasants that were bound to the manor’s land
Chapter 7 Section 3 (The Medieval Church)
VOCABULARY
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Sacraments- the sacred rites of the Church that Christians believed would bring them to salvation, or everlasting
life with God
Benedictine Rule- rules to regulate monastic life that were created by a monk named Benedict and were used by
monasteries and convents across Europe
Secular- worldly
Papal supremacy- authority over all worldly rulers, including kings and emperors that the medieval popes claimed
Canon law- The Church’s body of laws that was based on religious teachings and morals.
Excommunication- a severe penalty by the church where the person could not receive the sacraments or a
Christian burial, which condemned them to hell for eternity.
Interdict- an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving the sacraments and Christian
burial. Interdict was given when a powerful noble opposed the Church
Friars- monks who did not live in isolated monasteries and took a different approach to reform
St. Francis of Assisi- a wealthy Italian who devoted himself to preaching the Gospels and teaching by his own
examples of good works
Chapter 7 Section 4 (Economic Recovery Sparks Change)
VOCABULARY
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Charter- in the Middle Ages, a written document to set out rights and privileges of a town
Capital- money or wealth used to invest in business enterprise
Partnerships- groups of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that would have been too
costly for any individual trader
Tenant Farmers- someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord’s land
Middle Class- a group of people, including merchants, traders, and artisans whose rank was between nobles and
peasants
Guilds- in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their
trade and to protect economic interests
Apprentice- a seven or eight year old who became a trainee to a guild master
Journeyman- a salaried worker employed by a guild master
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 8
Chapter 8: The High and Late Middle Ages
Terms to know:
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William the Conqueror ----- King of England in 1066 blended Norman and Anglo- Saxon customs, languages,
and tradition
Common law ----- a legal system bases on court and custom rulings, applied to all English citizens
Jury ----- group of men sworn to speak the truth. Determined which cases should be brought to trial and were the
ancestors of today’s Grand Jury
King John ----- clever, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler of England.
Magna Carta ----- great charter which contained two very important ideas that would shape the English
government. It asserted that the nobles has certain rights that over time was extended to all citizens and also made
it clear that the monarch must obey the law as well
Due process of law ----- a clause protecting freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions
Habeas corpus ----- principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged of a specific crime
Parliament ----- English legislature which acquired a larger role in government, helped unify England
Louis IX ----- 1226, King of France. He was a very religion man who persecuted heretics and Jews. Expanded the
royal courts, outlawed private wars, and ended serfdom
Holy Roman Empire ----- empire of west central Europe from 962-1806, consisting of present day Germany and
neighboring lands
Henry IV ----- crowned king of German in 1054 who later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Dispute between
the pope because he argued that the bishops should hold their lands as royal fiefs leading to his excommunication
Gregory VII ----- pope in 1064, instituted many church reforms, wanted to make the church independent of
secular rulers. Banned the practice of lay investiture
Lay investiture ------ the emperor or another lay person “invested” bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized
their office
Frederick Barbarossa (Red Beard) ----- joined forces with the pope in the Lombard League, managed to defeat his
armies. Married his son to the heiress of Sicily, leading to more involvement in Italian affairs
Pope Innocent III ----- 1198, claimed supremacy over all rulers. Launched crusade with Philip II in 1209 against
Albigensians in South France. Strengthened papal power within church by extending Papal States, reforming
church courts and changed the way that church officials were chosen
Crusades ----- series of wars that began in 1096m Christians battled the Muslims for control over lands in the
Middle East (especially Jerusalem)
Pope Urban II ----- pope that agreed to help Alexius I (Byzantine emperor) fight the Muslim Turks although their
history has been rivalry. He incited bishops and nobles to action
Reconquista ----- Christian campaign to drive Muslims from the peninsula, known as “reconquest”
Ferdinand and Isabella ----- founders of Spain who combined their forces and made a final push against the
Muslims in Granada
Inquisition ----- a church court set up to try people accused of heresy. Many Muslims that had been forced to
convert to Christianity were tried by the Inquisition
Scholitism ----- a method which used reason to support Christian belief
Thomas Aquinas ----- famous scholar which says that faith and reason exist in harmony. God rules over an
orderly universe. Brought together Christian faith and classical Greek Philosophers
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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Vernacular ----- the everyday languages of ordinary people (French, German, Italian)
Dante Alighieri ----- Italian poet who tells about prefatory and hell, and a vision of heaven summarizes Christian
ethics showing how peoples action in life determine their fate in the after life
Geoffrey Chaucer ----- English writer who wrote the Canterbury Tales
Flying buttresses ----- stone supports that stood outside the Church
Illumination ----- the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts
Black Death ----- disease that spread throughout Europe because in 1347 a fleet brought this disease was bubonic
plague spread by flees
Epidemic ----- outbreak of rapid-spreading disease. Caused by Mongol armies conquering much on Asia in 1200s
Inflation ----- rising of prices which happened with the cost of labor
Schism ----- a split that happened in the Church. 2 of 3 popes claimed to be the true “vicar of Christ”
Longbow ----- six foot long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor
Who lost and gained power?
The monarchy gained power by centralizing power and expanding royal domain, while the nobles and the church
lost power
How did William and Henry II increase royal power?
William increased royal power by granting fiefs to the church and Norman barons, but also kept lands to himself.
He also monitored who built castles and where they would be built. He required that every vassal swear allegiance to him
and also the Doomsday Book. Henry broadened system by expanding customs into law. He establishes common law
where it applied to all of England. He developed the jury system
How was the power of the English kind limited?
It was limited because he agreed not to raise the taxes without consulting with the Great Council of lords and
clergy. They used the Great Council for advice because of the Magna Carta
For what purpose did English kings use the Doomsday Book?
To build an efficient system of tax collection
What did Henry II do to broaden the system of royal justice?
He helped establish English common law and the jury system
What was the framework for England’s legislature set up by the Model Parliament?
Representation by nobles, clergy, and commons
What civilizations were flourishing around 1050?
Around 1050 the Indian, Byzantine, and Seljuk civilizations were flourishing
How successful were the Crusade?
In the first Crusade, the Christians were successful in gaining Jerusalem back, but then in 1187 Jerusalem fell to
the Muslims again. On the third Crusade the Christians fell again in capturing Jerusalem, but through negotiations Saladin
reopened the holy city to the Christian pilgrims. In the end, the Christians were fighting against themselves not the
Muslims
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
What were the effects of the Crusades?
It had a positive effect afterwards because the trade increased and expanded the economy was thriving. The power
of the monarchs also increased. Lastly, it brought knowledge of their customs and civilizations
What was the Reconquista?
It was when the Christians had a campaign to
drive the Muslims from the peninsula
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 9
Section 1: The Byzantine Empire
OUTLINE:
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IV.
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Constantinople is the “new Rome”.
i. Constantinople- sat at the crossroads of land and sea routes; wealth from trade; capital of the
Byzantine Empire
b. Constantinople grew as the vital center of the empire.
c. It promoted a civilization that was the blending of Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other
traditions of the Mediterranean world.
Byzantium flourished under the rule of Justinian.
i. Justinian- ruled from 527-565; determined to revive ancient Rome by uncovering lands that had
been overrun by invaders.
b. Justinian rebuilds Constantinople.
c. Justinian reformed the law (Justinian’s Code)
i. Justinian’s Code- “Body of Civil Law”; included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by
Roman emperors and other legal writings or Roman Judges.
d. Justinian ruled with absolute power.
i. Autocrat- a sole ruler who has complete authority.
ii. Theodora- Justinian’s wife who aided his control. She was a shrewd politician and served as an
advisor/ court ruler.
e. The Byzantine Empire flourished under a strong central government which exercised strict control over a
prosperous economy.
f. After Justinian, the Empire faced successive attacks by Persians, Slavs, Vikings, Huns, and Turks.
Christianity was influential in the Byzantine Empire.
a. Differences between the East and the West emerge over Church leadership.
i. Patriarch- highest church official, appointed by the emperor.
b. The Church divides into two branches of Christianity.
i. Icons- Holy images
ii. Great Schism- a split between western and eastern Christianity (Roman Catholic-West and EastGreek Orthodox)
The Byzantine Empire suffers crisis and collapse towards the end of its decline.
a. The crusades resulted in attacks on Constantinople.
b. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks attacked the city of Constantinople and took it over.
The Byzantine heritage made contributions to are and learning.
c. Byzantines made contributions to religious art and architecture that influenced Western styles from
the middle Ages to the present.
d. Byzantine scholars preserved the classic works of ancient Greece and Rome and also produce their
own great books on their history.
Section 2: The Rise of Russia
OUTLINE:
I.
The geography of Russia influenced its development.
a. The northern forests supplied resources and hunting opportunities. Ukraine was home to Russia’s first
civilization. The steppes were in the southern region.
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
II.
III.
IV.
i. Steppe- an open, treeless grassland that offered pasture for the herds and horses of nomadic
people.
b. Russia’s network of rivers provides transportation and links them with Byzantium.
The city of Kiev grows strong.
i. Kiev- capital of present day Ukraine, it was the first Russian state. Its culture and growth were a
result of mixing two distinct peoples.
b. The Vikings or Varangians settled among the slavs.
c. Trade brought Kiev into the Byzantine orbit which allowed the Byzantines to influence Kiev.
i. Cyrillic- The alphabet that became the written script that is still used today in Russia, Serbia, and
Bulgaria.
d. The princes, such as Vladimir and Yaroslav the Wide secured power.
Genghis Khan unites the nomadic Mongols of central Asia in the 1200s.
a. Batu and the Golden Horde (armies) advanced into Russia.
i. Golden Horde- Known as the Golden Horde because of the colors of their tents. These invaders
looted and burned multiple Russian towns.
b. The Mongols influenced Russia.
Moscow is a religious and political center.
a. Ivan III was a driving force behind Moscow’s success.
i. Ivan the Great- Ivan III, he brought much of N. Russia under his rule and also recovered lost
territory. He built the framework for absolute rule.
ii. Tsar- the Russian word for Caesar; Ivan III referred to himself as “tsar”.
b. Ivan (IV) The Terrible established absolute rule.
i. Ivan the Terrible- Ivan IV, a very violent ruler.
Section 3: Shaping Eastern Europe
OUTLINE:
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The geography shapes eastern Europe.
i. Balkan Peninsula- Triangular arm of land that juts from southeastern Europe into the
Mediterranean.
Migration encouraged many different peoples to make new homes in Eastern Europe.
a. Ethnic groups settle in Eastern Europe and the Balkans.
i. Ethnic group- A group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage.
b. Powerful neighboring states exercised strong cultural and religious influences on Eastern Europe.
c. Jewish settlers migrate to Poland.
The kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Serbia develop.
a. Poland has its greatest age beginning in 1386.
i. Diet- The nobles met is a diet, or assembly, where the vote of a single noble could block the
passage of a law.
b. The Magyars eventually settle in, and rule Hungary.
i. Golden Bull of 1222- The Hungarian king was forced to sign this charter recognizing nobel’s
rights. This strongly limited royal power.
c. The serbs established a Balkan kingdom.
Chapter 10 (sections 1-2)
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Bedouins
Muhammed
Mecca
Yathrib
Medina
Hijra
Kaaba
Quran
Mosques
Hajj
Jihad
Sharia
Abu Bakr
Caliph
Sunni
Shiite
Umayyad
Sufis
Abbasid
Baghdad
Minarets
Sultan
Nomadic herders who moved through the desert to reach seasonal pastureland.
Born in Mecca around 570, he was the prophet who helped to begin the Muslim
religion.
Market town at the crossroads of several caravan routes, also where Muhammed was
born, as well as where he began his teachings.
This is where Muhammed and his followers fled to after being put in danger in
Mecca.
The new name of Yathrib, meaning “City of the Prophet,” named after Muhammed.
The journey of Muhammed and his followers to Yathrib.
Temple Abraham built to worship the one true God. Muhammed came here during his
ministry and destroyed all the idols inside it, and rededicated it to Allah.
Sacred text of Islam which teaches that God is all-powerful and compassionate, and
that people are responsible for their own actions. Muslims believe the Quran contains
the sacred word of God as revealed by Muhammed.
Houses of worship for Muslims, also called masjids, which are used often for prayer.
Pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars, required by all Muslims to make at least
once, if their life situation allows it.
Meaning “struggle in God’s service,” it is a duty of all Muslims.
Body of law developed over time by Muslims, which includes an interpretation of the
Quran. It applies religious principles to all legal situations, and unites all Muslims
under a common legal framework.
Muhammed’s father-in-law who was elected by Muslims to be the first successor of
Muhammed.
Successor of Muhammed, this is disputed as to whether or not the caliph should be a
relative of muhammed or a faithful Muslim.
Group of Muslims who believe the successor of Muhammed, or Caliph should be a
pious, faithful Muslim from Muhammed’s tribe.
Group of Muslims who believe the successor of Muhammed, or Caliph, should be a
direct descendant of Muhammed.
Dynasty of Sunni caliphs, set up by a powerful Meccan clan after the death of Ali,
who ruled the Muslim empire until 750.
Muslims mystics who emerged from the Sunnis and Shiites who sought
communication with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals.
Founded by Abu al-Abbas, they formed after he and the Shiites defeated the
Umayyads and captured Damascus. This empire lasted until 1258.
New capital of the Abbasids, chosen by their second caliph al-Mansur.
Slender towers of Mosques. Five times each day muezzens climbed to the top and
called the faithful to prayer.
Ruler of the Seljuks. They controlled Baghdad, but they kept the Abbasid caliph as a
firgurehead.
Chapter 13
VOCABULARY
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Humanism- intellectual movement and revival of the classic Greek and Roman values.
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Humanities- Subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history-that had been taught in ancient Greek and
Roman schools.
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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Francesco Petrarch- a Florentine who lived in the 1300’s, was an early Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar.
Perspective- By making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer, artists could paint scenes that
appeared three- dimensional.
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Leonardo da Vinci- A Renaissance man of botany, art, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering.
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Michelangelo- Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. He created works like David and the Ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel.
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Raphael- A famous painter who created the School of Athens.
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Baldassare Castiglione- Author of The Book of the Courtier.
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Niccolo Machiavelli- Author of The Prince, which looked at ruler in an age of ruthless power politics.
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Johann Gutenburg- Printed the first complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type.
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Flanders- City where the Northern Renaissance began.
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Albrecht Durer- German painter who applied the painting techniques he had learned in Italy to engraving.
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Engraving- A technique where an artist etches a design on metal plate with acid.
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Vernacular- Everyday language of ordinary people.
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Erasmus- Wrote texts on a number of subjects and used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new
Greek edition of the Bible.
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Thomas More- In Utopia, he describes an ideal society where men and women live in peace and harmony.
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Shakespeare- Between 1590 and 1613, he wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world.
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Indulgences- Lessening of the time a soul would have t spend in purgatory.
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Diet- assembly of German princes.
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Predestination- idea that long ago God determined you’re fate.
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Canonized- recognized as a saint.
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Sects- religious groups who had broken away from an established church.
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Ghetto- separate quarter Jews were ordered to live in.
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Heliocentric- sun centered.
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Main Themes of the Renaissance
-Importance of Classical Learning
-Emphasis on the individual
- Adventurous spirit and willingness to experiment
- Focus on realism in art and literature
- Questioning of traditional religious ideas
Chapter 15 (sections 2, 4)
Section 2
VOCABULARY
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Viceroys- representatives who ruled in the kings name in foreign colonies
Encomiendas- the right to demand labor from native Americans in particular areas
Peons- workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off debt
Peninsulares- people born in Spain that were rulers of colonies
Creoles- American-born descendants of Spanish settlers that owned most of the plantations, ranches, and
mines
Mestizos- people of native American and European descent
Mulattoes-people of African and European descent
Privateers- pirates that operated with official word from European governments
Section 4
VOCABULARY
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Triangular Trade- three-legged international trade route linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Middle Passage- the middle leg where the slaves were transported to the Americas
Mutinies- revolts, often by captives aboard the ships
The slave trade brought enormous wealth to merchants and traders. The slave trades helped the economies of the
colonies grow considerably.
1500s- 2,000 slaves were sent to America each year
1780s- At the peak of the slave trade 80,000 slaves were sent to America each year
Chapter 16
Key Rulers:
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Spain: Charles V (Charles I of Spain): Phillip II
France: Henry IV; Louis XIV
Britain: Henry VIII; Elizabeth I; James I; Charles I; Oliver Cromwell; Charles II; James II; William and
Mary
SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE
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Austria: Ferdinand; Charles VI; Maria Theresa
Prussia: Frederick William; Frederick the Great
Russia: Peter the Great; Catherine the Great
Revolution:
In England there was the Glorious Revolution of 1688 was celebrated as a bloodless transfer of power. It
was the first bloodless transfer of power in England in quite some time.
Political Systems:
In France there was an absolute monarchy under Louis XIV. France was on a peak and in a trough
depending on what social class you were in.
Democracy:
The Magna Carta of 1215 was a landmark legal development because it limited the power of the
monarch and protected the common people’s civil rights. This was similar to the English Bill in 1688.
Conflict:
The Age of Absolutism was an age of religious conflicts. Many of these conflicts were long-lasting,
violent conflicts between Catholics and Protestants.
Key Events:
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1588- Spanish Armada attacks England
1572- St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
1618-1648- Thirty Years’ War
1642-1648- English Civil War
1648-1653- The Fronde
1688- Glorious Revolution
1700-1713- War of the Spanish Succession
1740-1748- War of the Austrian Succession
1756-1763- The Seven Years’ War