Download American Foreign Diplomacy

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American Foreign Diplomacy
Isolationism v. Internationalism
U.S. wanted to remain isolated during
1920s & 1930s
U.S. found it difficult not to be involved in
world affairs
• Tried to use diplomacy to promote world
peace
• Encouraged world leaders to seek
disarmament: reducing the amount of
weapons, soldiers, munitions in ones army
Attempts to Maintain Peace
Washington Naval Conference, 1921
 Included U.S., G.B., France, Japan, Italy
 Limited tonnage of ships
 Agreed to respect territorial rights
 Acceptance of Open Door Policy in China
Kellogg-Briand Pact
 Outlawed war except in cases of selfdefense
 Signed by 62 nations
 Proved unsuccessful when Japan invaded
Manchuria in (1931)
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Dawes Plan
Designed to stabilize the German
economy
U.S. bankers would lend $ to Germany
Germany could then make its reparation
payments to Britain, France, Italy
Those countries could then repay their
debts to U.S.
The Great Depression stopped this plan &
canceled reparations
Isolationist Impulses
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Many Americans believed U.S. had been
tricked into getting involved in WWI
• Congress takes action to prevent
involvement in overseas conflicts
• Resulted in passage of 3 Neutrality
Acts, 1935-1937
 U.S. wouldn’t sell arms to warring
nations
 U.S. wouldn’t loan $ to warring
nations
 U.S. wouldn’t ship non-military
goods to warring nations
The Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships
Many nations turned to dictators to solve
their problems after World War I & some
after the G.D.
Characteristics of totalitarian dictatorships
 Govt. controls every aspect of a person’s
life
 One party controls the govt.
 The state is supreme
 Individuals have few, if any, rights
 Political opposition is forbidden
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4 Dominant Totalitarian
dictatorships of the 1920s/1930s
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Mussolini in Italy, 1922
Hitler in Germany, 1933
Military dictatorship in Japan, 1931
Stalin in the Soviet Union, recognized
by U.S. in 1933
The Shadow of War
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Japan aggressive in China (Manchuria, 1932)
Mussolini aggressive in Africa
Hitler aggressive in the Rhineland (1936) &
in Austria (March 1938)
• Created the Third Reich
• Demanded Sudetenland (Sept. 1938)
Resulted in Munich Conference, Sept. 1938
 Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, & Daladier met
 Chamberlain used appeasement
• Returned home claiming “peace in our time”
• Hitler got Sudetenland; agreed not to seize
the rest of Czechoslovakia
• March 1939, Hitler annexed all of
Czechoslovakia
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Foreign Policy EQ’s
Describe the Dawes Plan.
Describe the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Why
did it fail?
Explain the events of the Washington
Naval Conference.
Define Disarmament. Why can this
policy be viewed in a negative way?
Explain the Neutrality Acts.
Describe 5 characteristics of Totalitarian
Governments.
List the 4 totalitarian dictatorships of
the 1920’s-1930’s.
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The War Begins
Nazi-Soviet Pact (Aug. 1939)--Stalin
(Soviet Union) & Hitler (Germany)
Non-aggression Pact- agreed to divide
Poland and prevented Germany from
fighting two-front war
Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland
using blitzkrieg (Lightning War)
Britain & France declared war on
Germany
Spring 1940—Denmark, Norway, the
Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg fell
to German blitzkrieg
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Establishing a Puppet Government
Germany defeated France (1940)-bypassed the Maginot Line
• 300,000 soldiers rescued at Dunkirk
• Germany est. a puppet govt. in Vichy,
France
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French General Charles de Gaulle
headed the Free France movement in
London
Secret organization, the Resistance,
worked in France
From Neutrality to War
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U.S. proclaimed neutrality in 1939--couldn’t
refrain from helping the Allies
Sent 50 old destroyers to Britain (Churchill)
for 99 year lease on naval & air bases in the
Atlantic
U.S. passed a Cash-and-Carry law--allowed
U.S. to sell arms to the Allies
Nations must pay cash & carry goods away
themselves
FDR elected to unprecedented 3rd term in 1940
U.S. passed Lend-Lease Act in 1941
Allowed the President to sell, exchange, lend,
or lease war materials to any country whose
security he considered vital to the defense of
the U.S.----Used w/ Britain & later Russia
Atlantic Charter (1941)
 U.S. & Britain agreed to seek no territorial gain
 Agreed to: “the right of all peoples to choose
the form of govt. under which they will live”
 U.S. placed an embargo on Japan
 Japan continued to be aggressive in Asia
• Sank some American ships in 1937 (Panay)
 U.S. stop shipment of metal, oil, fuel to Japan
 Japan signed agreement w/ Germany & Italy
(1941)
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
 Japan demanded U.S. drop the embargo
 U.S. only end it if Japan withdrew from China
 Negotiations continued in Nov. 1941 w/o
agreement
Pearl Harbor
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Sunday, December 7, 1941, at 7:55 a.m.
Japan attacked the U.S. fleet stationed at Pearl
Harbor, HI
U.S. expected the attack in the Philippines
U.S. lost over 19 ships, including all 8
battleships, & 150+ aircraft
2,400+ Americans died
FDR said it was “a date which will live in
infamy”
U.S. declared war on Japan the next day
Germany & Italy declared war on U.S. within 3
days--- We promptly returned the gesture
WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)
The Allies Versus the Axis
Allied Powers: U.S., Britain, USSR (50 total)
 Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan (9 total)
 WWII was really two separate theaters:
 Pacific War: U.S. Britain, Australia, New
Zealand v. Japan
European & African War: had 3 fronts:
Eastern, Southern, Western
 Eastern Front: USSR v. Germany
 Southern Front: U.S., Britain, Australia v.
Germany & Italy
 Western Front (D-Day): U.S., Britain, France
v. Germany & Italy
 1942---- Axis Powers were ahead
 “Dark days” for the Allies
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Planning Strategy
Next Allied strategy was debated
 Decided to make defeating Hitler top priority
• Operation Torch: invasion of N. Africa to
attack the Germans & Italians from behind
• Followed by attacks in the Mediterranean Sea
(Italy)
• Carried out in late 1942 & early 1943
• Successful strategy & a major victory for the
Allies
• Gave Allies control of the Mediterranean
• Made shipping supplies to Europe possible
• Made an invasion of southern Europe possible
**The Tide of the War Turns in the Pacific &
Europe**
Holding Action in the Pacific
Japanese successfully captured many islands following
the Pearl Harbor attack
 Two significant battles (fought in the air)
Battle of the Coral Sea, 1942
 Prevented Japan from seizing Australia
Battle of Midway, 1942
 Turning point in the Pacific
 Gave Japan a decisive defeat by sinking 4 of their
aircraft carriers
The Invasion of Italy – The Southern Front
 Italy was considered the weak point of the Axis Powers
 1943, the Allies invaded Sicily & Italy
 Italians overthrew Mussolini & Italy surrendered
 Hitler sent German troops to resist Allies & rescue
Mussolini---unsuccessful
 Allies pushed on until they liberated Rome (1944)
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The Eastern Front
Stalin had asked for 3 things for 3 years
1. Massive supplies
2. Territorial concessions in Eastern Europe
3. Second front in Western Europe
Soviets resisted the Germans in the east
 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad was the
turning point
 Red Army went on the offensive
1943, Axis advances had been stopped in
Europe & the Pacific
 Allies launched land, air, and sea
offensives on all fronts
The War at Home
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“Remember Pearl Harbor”: rallying cry
“V for Victory”: a familiar symbol
6 million men & women volunteered
10 million men were drafted
Melting pot of men
• Discrimination still occurred in the army (1
million blacks)
The Economy recovers
 U.S. economy fully recovered during
WWII
 Unemployment dropped sharply
***Ended the Great Depression***
Organizing for War Production
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Federal agencies created to coordinate
everything (WWI)
Office of War Mobilization (OWM): oversaw
all areas of production
War Production Board: Americans made the
shift from peacetime to wartime production
• Helped Americans exceed tough production demands
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Office of Price Administration (OPA):
controlled inflation by creating item price
ceilings---included rents, gasoline, tires, coffee,
canned food, meat, etc.
War Manpower Commission (WMC):
decided which industries needed workers most
National War Labor Board: helped to settle
labor disputes to prevent production from being
interrupted---encouraged workers to join
unions
American Foreign Policy Assignment
Complete the following:
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Explain 5 specific ways that the U.S.
mobilized for war.
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Discuss 3 things that Stalin wanted from the
Allies. Explain the role of the Soviets in the
Eastern Front.
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Explain key events related to the invasion of
Italy.
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Identify the Allied and Axis Powers.
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Describe Operation Torch. Explain its
significance.
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Discuss 2 significant battles in the Pacific.
Who wins? Why is this important?
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Changes on the Home Front
War demanded sacrifices from Americans
People planted victory gardens to stretch
the food supply
Americans used ration coupons
Scrap-rubber and scrap-iron collections
People stood in long lines to buy scarce
items
Businesses encouraged support
“Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or
do without”
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Women met the demand for workers
By end of war, 1 out of 3 workers was a woman
“Rosie the Riveter” became a national symbol
Women gained confidence they could have both
a family & a job or career
African Americans gained more acceptance
FDR banned discrimination in all govt.
agencies, in job training programs, & in all
companies doing business w/ the federal govt.
Fair Employment Practices Committee:
created to ensure equal treatment for
minorities in war industries
Rosie the Riveter
D-Day in France – The Western Front
Allies planned a cross-channel invasion
across the English Channel for 2 yrs.
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Directed by Supreme Allied Commander
of Europe, General Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Called Operation Overlord
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Success depended on 3 things
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1. Adequate landing vessels, troops, &
supplies
2. Secrecy of the mission
3. Clear weather
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D- Day Continued…………….
June 6, 1944, the most famous &
largest amphibious landing in history
began
176,000 troops were ferried across the
channel
Landed on the beaches of Normandy
U.S. landed on beaches of Utah &
Omaha
Germany fiercely resisted the invasion
Allies finally liberated Paris in Aug. 1944
Allies began pushing the Germans back
toward Berlin and liberating the rest of
Western Europe
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Japanese Americans
Pearl Harbor created anger against
Japanese
Japanese-Americans were held
responsible for the attack
Became easy targets for discrimination
• Seen as a menace
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Defense officials warned of possible
sabotage
FDR gave the War Dept. authority to
remove thousands
110,000 were taken from homes & jobs
along the west coast
Japanese Americans continued……….
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They were relocated
to 10 internment
camps out west
Still loyal to U.S.
Some served in the
military
2/3 were Americanborn citizens
U.S. govt. apologized
in 1988; gave
$20,000 to each
surviving internee
On the Attack in the Pacific
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U.S. had expected the initial Japanese attack in
the Philippines
Japan had seized the Philippines shortly after
the Pearl Harbor invasion
Gen. Douglas MacArthur stationed there &
vowed he would return to recapture the island
U.S. leaders decided to use a leapfrog or
island hopping campaign against Japan
1944, the U.S. sank much of the Japanese fleet
in a battle off the coast of the Philippines
MacArthur returned to the Philippines fulfilling
his promise
Late 1944, U.S. beginning to bomb Japan
Ending the War in Europe
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1944, the Germans launched a last counteroffensive in the Ardennes Forest
Resulted in the Battle of the Bulge
Temporarily slowed the Allied advance
In the east, the Soviets had finally pushed into
Germany
American & Russian troops met at the Elbe
River, 100 miles west of Berlin
On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide
Third Reich was defeated & surrendered one
week later
Next day, May 8, 1945, was declared VE-Day,
Victory in Europe Day
Election of 1944
FDR ran & won an unprecedented 4th term:
did not want to run but thought it would be a
mistake to change leadership during the war
 Democratic party chose a new V.P. (Harry S
Truman)
 FDR was easily re-elected
President Truman Takes Office
 FDR died in April 1945
 Truman knew very little about the war
strategy
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• Immediate task was finishing the war w/ Japan
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1945 America captured Iwo Jima & Okinawa
Strikes on Japan were next
During battles-- Japanese pilots had begun
using kamikaze tactics
Bitter struggle to end war w/ Japan
A New Weapon
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July 16, 1945, the first successful atomic bomb
was tested in--- Alamogordo, NM
Mission to build--- called the Manhattan Project
$2 billion & employed over 100,000 people
Involved many scientists who had fled from Nazis
Bomb parts were made in 3 locations (TN, NM, WA)
When 2 bombs were ready, Japan warned to
surrender or face complete destruction—ignored
Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on
Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
Another dropped on Nagasaki- August 9, 1945
2 more bombs were scheduled for Aug. 13 & 16 if
Japan did not surrender
Japan surrender on August 14, 1945 (V-J Day)
World War II was completely over!
The Holocaust
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Full horror of the concentration camps was
realized after the war was over
Allied troops liberated the people in the camps
Worst camps were Auschwitz & Treblinka in
Poland and Buchenwald & Dachau in Germany
6 million Jews, 1/3 of Europe’s Jews were killed
This systematic killing of the Jewish people is
called the HOLOCAUST
Another 6 million people also died in the camps
(Catholics, labor leaders, gypsies, political
opponents, mentally & physically handicapped,
Slavic people)
Aftermath of World War II
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55 million civilians & soldiers died
Changed the map of the world
Empires of France, the Netherlands, Germany,
Italy, Japan, & Britain were in ruins
U.S. & the Soviet Union emerged as
superpowers
People in Africa & Asia sought freedom
At home, minorities found new opportunities
Our economy completely recovered
Potential of science was revealed
• Could either advance or destroy civilization
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Atomic/nuclear age was born
***Cold War would soon begin***
Allied Diplomacy and Peace Talks
Wartime Summit
Meetings
 Fall 1943, Allied
leaders began
planning for what
would happen after
the war
 Were confident they
would win
 Big Three (Stalin,
FDR, Churchill)
2 Major Summits
1. Teheran Conference (1943)
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Discussed strategy for defeating the
Axis
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Committed to the cross-channel
invasion
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Stalin promised to enter the Pacific war
once Germany surrendered
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Discussed an international organization
to replace the failed League of Nations
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Discussed what to do w/ Germany when
it surrendered
2. Yalta Conference (1945)
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Mostly discussed Germany
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Agreed it would be divided into 4
occupation zones
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Discussed plans for the United Nations
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Committed to allowing free elections
in countries the Axis had controlled
during the war