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Chapter 26 Review – World War II 1939-1945 Causes of World War II: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The rise of dictators in Germany, Italy, and Japan Imperialism – Germany, Italy and Japan wanted more land Instability and depression in Europe after World War I Failure of appeasement – negotiations with dictators did not stop the aggression Short-term immediate cause of the war: German invasion of Poland Effects (Results) of World War II: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Defeat of the Axis powers – Germany, Italy and Japan Founding of the United Nations – a permanent peacekeeping force U.S. maintained its status as a superpower Much of Europe was destroyed: Britain, France, Belgium Germany, Austria Soviets controlled most of Eastern Europe The Cold War – The contest between the Soviet Union and the U.S. to defend their areas of the world People Adolf Hitler – Fascist ruler of Germany, The Fuhrer of the Third Reich, Leader of the Nazi party Joseph Stalin – Communist leader of the Soviet Union Benito Mussolini – Fascist dictator and leader of Italy Hideki Tojo – Military leader of Japan who led the attack on the U.S. at Pearl Harbor Emperor Hirohito – Leader of Japan who surrendered at the end of World War II Winston Churchill – Prime Minister of Great Britain Franklin D. Roosevelt – President of the United States until early 1945 Harry S. Truman – Roosevelt’s vice president who became President after FDR died in 1945 Dwight D. Eisenhower – U.S. General and leader of the Allied forces attack on North Africa and D-Day invasion of Normandy France Douglas MacArthur – U.S. General who fought in the Pacific against Japan Tuskegee Airmen – African American pilots who fought in Europe in the 332nd Fighter group W.A.S.P. – Women’s Airforce Service Pilots: group of women pilots who trained to ferry aircraft to the war and supported the army; the WAVES and WACS were similar groups who supported the navy and army, even though they could not fight in the war Navajo Codetalkers – Navajo Indians who developed a secret military code for the Allies Terms Fascism – A government that rules by terror, racism, nationalism and a dictatorship. Totalitarianism – The government controls every aspect of life in a nation: media, army, prices. Axis Powers – Italy, Germany, and Japan formed this alliance (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis) Allied Powers (The Allies) – U.S., British, French and eventually Soviet forces who fought the Axis countries. Appeasement – Giving in to someone’s demands to avoid conflict Blitzkrieg – Lightning war (a fast attack) Rationing – Getting a fixed amount of goods. The U.S. government rationed supplies during the war, and consumers used ration books of stamps to buy goods. Island-hopping – Strategy used by the Allies to invade a few key islands in the Pacific to drive the Japanese back toward Japan. Kamikaze – a suicide pilot used by Japan to bomb navy ships Genocide – The murder of an entire race or large group of people. Propaganda – Information designed to influence people’s thinking and emotions. Imperialism – When a nation wants to take over new territory to expand its influence. Isolationism – The belief that a nation should stand alone and not get involved in the affairs or conflicts of other nations. Manhattan Project – top secret project to develop the atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert Places/Events Lend-Lease Act – American aid to Britain in the form of arms and war materials at the start of the war; materials were loaned or leased Atlantic Charter – Document signed between Churchill and Roosevelt, recognizing the right of all people to choose their own governments; also proposed disarmament after the war. Pearl Harbor 1941– Bombing of American Navy ships in the harbor of Hawaii on December 7, 1941 – a day that will “live in infamy”. The attack severely crippled the U.S. Navy and pushed the U.S. to enter the war. Bataan Death March – When Allied prisoners captured in the Philippines were forced to march 60 miles to a prison camp; many starved and died. Americans were horrified by this torture of their troops. Battle of Midway 1942 – Turning point for the Allies in the Pacific battles against Japan. The Japanese Navy was severely damaged, and the Allies gained a strategic island in the Pacific. Internment camps – U.S. prison camps where Japanese-Americans were forced to go after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Many Americans were suspicious of them (the Nisei) after the attack. Battle of Stalingrad 1942-43 – Germans were defeated in this Soviet town due to the harsh winters. D-Day Invasion 1944– Allied invasion of the Normandy section of France on June 6, 1944. The largest landsea-air invasion in history. Was a turning point in the European war due to the massive U.S., British, Canadian and French forces that attacked the Nazi forces stationed there. Battle of the Bulge 1944-45 – A battle in Belgium that had heavy losses of both Allied and Nazi forces. The Allies eventually pushed the Nazis back toward Germany. Yalta Conference 1945 – Summit meeting of the Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin to discuss the plans for the end of the war in Europe. Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945 – Two atomic bombs made by the U.S. were dropped to spare further Allied casualties in the war, and bring about a quick surrender from the Japanese. Holocaust – The systematic terror, imprisonment, torture and murder of millions of Jews, Poles, Russians and Gypsies during World War II. Nuremberg Trials – Court trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany that held people responsible for their actions during the war. May 8 1945 – V-E Day: Victory in Europe August 15, 1945 – V-J Day: Victory over Japan