Download Unit 6 Student Note Packet

Name:____________________________
Unit 6: Adaptations Over Time
Ch 12: pages 332-353
Section 1: Ideas about Evolution
• __________ of species or plants, __________, and other organisms live on Earth today
• __________- a group of ____________ that share ________ characteristics and can
___________ among themselves to produce _______ offspring
Wildcats Share
• Do you think all the species on Earth are exactly the same as they were thousands or
even millions of years ago, or do you think any of them have changed?
• ___________-changes in inherited _______________ over _______
• ______ ________ de Lamarck proposed a ____________ to explain how species
_________ over time
• His hypothesis was called the ____________ of __________ traits
• It states that ________ developed during a ________ organism’s lifetime are inherited by
its __________
• Ex:
• Scientists ________ this idea and found the evidence _______ support Lamarck’s
hypothesis
• An English ship the _____ ________ set out to explore _______ America
• On board was young naturalist ________ ________
• He was amazed by the _________ of life on the ____________ islands
• Darwin ______________ the animals here must have come from _________ and South
America
• However, the islands were home to many ________ Darwin had not seen in South
America
• Darwin observed _____ species of _________ on the Galápagos Islands
• They were all similar except for differences in ______ size, beak ________, and
________ habits
• All these finches were similar to one finch ________ seen in ________ America
• Darwin reasoned that these finches had to compete for _______
• Finches with a beak ________ that allowed them to eat _________ food survived longer
and produced more _________
• Eventually these groups of ________ became separate ________
• After Darwin returned to England he continued to think about and study the
_____________ he had made
• He collected more __________ on __________ traits by breeding racing _________
• He also studied breeds of ______ and varieties of ________
• He developed a ________ of __________ that is accepted by most scientists today
• Many other scientists conducted _____________ on __________ characteristics based on
Darwin’s _____________
• After many years Darwin’s ideas became known as the theory of __________ by
_________ selection
• _________ _________-organisms with _______ best suited to their _____________ are
more likely to survive and __________
• These traits are _________ to more __________
• A ___________ is all of the ___________ of a species living in the same ______
• Members of a _______ population compete for ________ space, ______, and other
__________
• Those that are best able to _________ are more likely to reproduce and _______ on their
traits to the next ____________
• Principles of Natural Selection
1. Organisms produce _______ offspring than can ________
2. Differences, or ___________, occur among individuals of a _________
3. Some variations are _________ to offspring
4. Some variations are ________. Individuals with helpful variations ________ and
reproduce better than those without these variations
5. Over time, the __________ of individuals with helpful ___________ make up more of
a ____________ and eventually may become a separate _________
 Darwin’s ________ of natural selection emphasizes the ___________ among individuals
of a ________
 ___________-an ___________ trait that makes an individual _________ from other
members of its species
 Variations result from ____________ changes, or mutations, in an organism’s ________
 Over time, more and more ___________ of the species might inherit these variations
 If individuals with certain __________ continue to survive and ___________ over many
generations, a new species can _______
 _____________- any ___________ that makes an organism better suited to its
_____________
 The variations that result in an ___________ can involve an organisms _______, shape,
___________, or chemical makeup
 _____________ is an adaptation
Wildcats Share
• Infer how its coloration gives this scorpion fish a survival advantage.
• Infer what might happen to an albino lemur in its natural environment
• Over time, the _________ makeup of a species might change its _____________
• Many kinds of ______________ factors help bring about __________
• When and individual of the _______ species move into or out of an area, they might
_______ or remove genes and ___________
• This could be compared to a family from another __________ moving into your
______________ and bringing different foods, __________ and way of speaking
• Sometimes _______, lakes, or other ___________ features isolate a _______number of
individuals from the rest of a ____________
• Over several generations, variations that _______ exist in the ________ population might
begin to be more common in the _________ population
• ____________ can also occur causing variations to populations
• Over time, the two populations can become so __________ that they no longer can
________ with each other
• Scientists do not ________ on how _________ evolution occurs
• Most scientists agree that __________ supports both of these models
• Darwin hypothesized that __________ happens slowly
• ____________- the ________ that describes evolution as a _______, ongoing process by
which one species __________ to a new species
• According to this model, a continuing series of ___________ and variations over time
will ________ in a new species
• ____________ ___________- this model shows that ________ evolution comes about
when the mutation of a few ________ results in the ____________ of a new species over
a relatively ______ period of time
• This could happen over a few __________ or million years
• _________ can change in just a few _________
Section 2: Clues About Evolution
• Most of the evidence for evolution comes from ________, these are the __________, an
imprint, or a trace of a ____________ organism
• Most fossils are found in _____________ rock
• ___________ ______- formed when ________ of sand, silt, mud, or ______ are
compacted and ___________ together, or when __________ are deposited from a
solution
• Fossils are found more often in ___________
• The fossil record provides evidence that living things have evolved
• Two basic methods can be used to estimate the _______ of rocks and ________
• One of these methods is ________ _______ which is based on the idea that in
_____________ areas, __________ rock layers are deposited on top of older rock layers
• Provides only an ___________ of a fossil’s age
• The estimate is made by comparing the _______ of rock layers found ________ and
below the fossil layer
• A more accurate estimate of the ______ of a rock layer can be found by using
____________ elements
• __________ _________- an element that gives off a ________ amount of radiation as it
slowly changes to a _______________ element
• Scientists can estimate the age of a rock by ____________ the amount of ____________
element with the amount of nonradioactive element in the rock
• This type of dating is not always _________ because the _________ amount of
radioactive element in the rock can never the determined for ________
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Fossils provide a ________ of organisms that lived in the past
The fossil record is _____________, or has gaps, like a _______ with missing pages
The _______ exist because _______ organisms do not become fossils
By looking at fossils scientists conclude that many _________ forms of life existed
________ in Earth’s history, and more _________ forms of life appeared ________
Fossils provide _________ evidence that evolution has occurred
Scientists can use fossils to make _________ that show what organisms might have
________ like
Scientists can sometimes determine whether organisms lived in _________ groups or
alone, what types of _______ they ate, what kind of _____________they lived in, and
many other things about them
Most fossils represent _________ organisms
Sometime evolution can be observed _________
This is seen in ___________ resistant bacteria or pesticide resistant __________
Many examples of _________ evidence for evolution exist
They include similarities in __________ structure, the chemical makeup of organisms
including _______, and the way organisms develop into ________
____________-the study of embryos and their ______________
An embryo is the __________ growth stage of an organism
Wildcats Share
• What do the structures shown have in common?
• Although they have __________ functions, each of these structures is made up of the
________ kind of bones
• _____________- body parts that are similar in ________ and structure
• Homologous ___________ can be similar in __________
• They often indicate that two or more species share a common __________
• _________ _________- structures that don’t seem to have a __________
• Manatees, snakes, and ________no longer have back _______, but like all animals with
legs, they still have a ________ bone
• The human ___________ is a vestigial structure
• Scientist _____________ that vestigial structures are body parts that once functioned in
an __________
• Scientists compare ______ from living organisms to identify ____________ among
species
• Examinations of _________ DNA often provide additional ___________ of how some
species evolved from their ________ ancestors
• By looking at ______ scientists also can determine how closely _________ organisms are
• _________ DNA also can suggest __________ ancestry
Section 3: The Evolution of Primates
• __________- a groups of ___________ including humans, monkeys and apes, that
_______ characteristics such as opposable _________, binocular vision (gives ability to
judge ___________), and flexible shoulders that allow their arms to ________
• __________- humanlike primate that appeared about _______ million to six million
years ago, ate both ________ and meat, and walked upright on two legs
• Share characteristics with _________, orangutans, and chimpanzees, but a larger
_________ separate them from the apes
• A fossil skull was discovered in South Africa, it has a ________ space for a brain but it
has a humanlike ______ and teeth
• Named Australopithecus was one of the oldest ___________ discovered
• Later an almost-__________ skeleton of Australopithecus was discovered in northern
Africa
• This fossil was called _______ and had a small brain but was thought to have walked
__________
• A hominid fossil, more ________-like that Australopithecus was discovered in Africa
• It was named _______ _______ meaning “handy man” because simple stone _______
were found near him
• This fossil was _____ million to ____ million years old
• Based on fossil comparisons, scientists have suggested Homo habilis gave rise to
_______ ________ about _____ million years ago
• Homo erectus had a _______ brain
• This hominid traveled to ______ and possibly _________
• Homo habilis and Homo erectus are thought to be ___________ of humans because they
has ________ brains and more human-like _________
• The _______ record indicates Homo sapiens evolved about _________ years ago
• ______ ________- early __________ that likely evolved from Neanderthals and CroMagnons
• _____________ had short, heavy bodies, with ______ bones, small chins and _______
brow ridges
• ________ groups lived in _______ and used well-made ________ tools to hunt large
animals
• They disappeared from the fossil record about ________ years ago
• _____________ fossils have been found in _________, Asia, and Australia and date from
________ to about 40,000 years in age
• Standing about _____ m to _____ m tall, their physical appearance was almost the same
as that of _________ humans
• They lived in _______, made stone carvings, and _________ their dead
• The oldest record of _____ has been found on the walls of caves where these early
humans lived
• Cro-Magnon are thought to be ________ ancestors of early humans
Section 6 Vocab
Name:_________________________
Species
Evolution
Natural
selection
Variation
Adaptation
Gradualism
Punctuated
equilibrium
Sedimentary
rock
Radioactive
element
Embryology
Homologous
Vestigial
structure
Primate
Hominid
Homo sapiens