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OUTLINE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Introduction – activity $ homeostasis – osteoblast vs. osteoclast – organs – 20% of body wt Functions of Bone – – – – provide shape, support and protection hematopoiesis cells store minerals: chemical composition – organic (30-35%) matrix aid in movements – inorganic (65-70%) protocoglycon glycoprotein collagen fiber Classification of Bone A. According to shape, gross features into – flat – irregular – rounded (sesamoid) – short – long $ parts of long bone – epiphyses – plate – articular cartilage – metaphyses – diaphysis – int. and ext. surface (endo/periosteum) – cortex = compact – medulla = spongy cavity $ microscopic features – compact (lamellar) – spongy (trabecular) $ blood supply to bones B. According to embryonic origin – endochondral bone – intramembraneous bone Bone Development $ osteogenesis / ossification: 1o and 2o $ clinical application: Osteogenesis Imperfecta Factors Affecting Bone Growth $ injury to epiphyseal plate $ nutritional, hormonal and physical factors – difference between osteoporosis vs. osteomalacia $ factors that 9 weight of the skeleton Fracture, Repair of Bone and Factors That Affect the Rate of Repair Organization of the Skeleton – axial – appendicular $ terms used to describe skeletal structures = bone markings $ infantile skull $ vertebral column – curvatures – disorders – kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis – spina bifida – sublaxation, ruptured intervertebral disk $ difference between male and female skeleton $ curvature of the foot $ age changes in skeleton 1 of 3 FORAMINA OF THE SKULL OF HUMANS Foramina of Facial Bones Location Structures Passing Through Incisive (Stensen; Scarpa sometimes) Posterior to incisor teeth in hard palate Stensen, anterior branches of descending palatine vessels; Scarpa, nasopalatine nerves Greater palatine Palatine bones at posterior-lateral angle of Greater palatine nerve hard palate Lesser palatine Palatine bones at posterior-lateral angle of Lesser palatine nerves hard palate Supraorbital (or notch) Frontal bone, above orbit Supraorbital nerve and vessels Infraorbital Maxilla, body Infraorbital nerve and vessels Zygomaticofacial Zygomatic bone, molar surface Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels Zygomaticotemporal Zygomatic bone, temporal surface Zygomaticotemporal nerve Zygomaticooccipital Zygomatic bone, orbital surface Zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticoorbital nerves Mental Mandible, lateral anterior surface, inferior Mental nerve and vessels to second premolar Mandibular Mandible, about center on medial side of ramus Inferior alveolar vessels and nerves Foramina of Cranial Bones Location Structures Passing Through Olfactory Ethmoid, cribriform plate Olfactory nerves (I) Optic Sphenoid, superior surface Optic nerves (II); ophthalmic arteries Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid, between small and great wings Oculomotor (II); trochlear (IV); trigeminal (V) ophthalmic branch; abducens (VI); orbital branches of middle meningeal artery; superior ophthalmic vein; branch of lacrimal artery Inferior orbital fissure Spehenoid; zygomatic; maxilla; palatine Trigeminal (v), maxillary nerve; infraorbital vessels Rotundum Sphenoid, greater wing Maxillary nerve (V) Ovale Sphenoid, greater wing Mandibular nerve (V); accessory meningeal artery; lesser petrosal nerve Spinosum Sphecoid, greater wing Mandibular nerve, recurrent branch (V); middle meningeal vessels Lacerum Sphenoid, greater wing and body; apex of petrous temporal; base of occipital Meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal Internal acoustic meatus Temporal, petrous portion Facial nerve (VII); acoustic nerve (VIII): internal auditory artery; nervus intermedius Jugular Temporal, petrous portion; occipital Glossopharyngeal (IX); vagus (X); accessory (XI); internal jugular vein Hypoglossal canal Occipital Hypoglossal nerve (XII); meningeal artery Condyloid canal Occipital Vein from transverse sinus Carotid canal Temporal, petrous portion Internal carotid artery Stylomastoid Temporal, between mastoid and styloid processes Facial nerve (VII) Mastoid Temporal, mastoid portion An emissary vein Foramen magnum Occipital Medulla oblongata and its meninges; accessory nerves (XII); vertebral arteries 2 of 3