Download OUTLINE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM CH

OUTLINE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Introduction – activity $ homeostasis – osteoblast vs. osteoclast
– organs
– 20% of body wt
Functions of Bone –
–
–
–
provide shape, support and protection
hematopoiesis
cells
store minerals: chemical composition – organic (30-35%)
matrix
aid in movements
– inorganic (65-70%)
protocoglycon
glycoprotein
collagen fiber
Classification of Bone
A.
According to shape, gross features into – flat
– irregular
– rounded (sesamoid)
– short
– long
$ parts of long bone
– epiphyses – plate
– articular cartilage
– metaphyses
– diaphysis
– int. and ext. surface (endo/periosteum)
– cortex = compact
– medulla = spongy cavity
$ microscopic features – compact (lamellar)
– spongy (trabecular)
$ blood supply to bones
B.
According to embryonic origin – endochondral bone
– intramembraneous bone
Bone Development
$ osteogenesis / ossification: 1o and 2o
$ clinical application: Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
$ injury to epiphyseal plate
$ nutritional, hormonal and physical factors
– difference between osteoporosis vs. osteomalacia
$ factors that 9 weight of the skeleton
Fracture, Repair of Bone and Factors That Affect the Rate of Repair
Organization of the Skeleton – axial
– appendicular
$ terms used to describe skeletal structures = bone markings
$ infantile skull
$ vertebral column – curvatures
– disorders – kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis
– spina bifida
– sublaxation, ruptured intervertebral disk
$ difference between male and female skeleton
$ curvature of the foot
$ age changes in skeleton
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FORAMINA OF THE SKULL OF HUMANS
Foramina of Facial Bones
Location
Structures Passing Through
Incisive (Stensen; Scarpa
sometimes)
Posterior to incisor teeth in hard palate
Stensen, anterior branches of descending palatine
vessels; Scarpa, nasopalatine nerves
Greater palatine
Palatine bones at posterior-lateral angle of Greater palatine nerve
hard palate
Lesser palatine
Palatine bones at posterior-lateral angle of Lesser palatine nerves
hard palate
Supraorbital (or notch)
Frontal bone, above orbit
Supraorbital nerve and vessels
Infraorbital
Maxilla, body
Infraorbital nerve and vessels
Zygomaticofacial
Zygomatic bone, molar surface
Zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels
Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomatic bone, temporal surface
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Zygomaticooccipital
Zygomatic bone, orbital surface
Zygomaticotemporal and zygomaticoorbital
nerves
Mental
Mandible, lateral anterior surface, inferior Mental nerve and vessels
to second premolar
Mandibular
Mandible, about center on medial side
of ramus
Inferior alveolar vessels and nerves
Foramina of Cranial Bones
Location
Structures Passing Through
Olfactory
Ethmoid, cribriform plate
Olfactory nerves (I)
Optic
Sphenoid, superior surface
Optic nerves (II); ophthalmic arteries
Superior orbital fissure
Sphenoid, between small and great
wings
Oculomotor (II); trochlear (IV); trigeminal (V)
ophthalmic branch; abducens (VI); orbital
branches of middle meningeal artery; superior
ophthalmic vein; branch of lacrimal artery
Inferior orbital fissure
Spehenoid; zygomatic; maxilla; palatine
Trigeminal (v), maxillary nerve; infraorbital
vessels
Rotundum
Sphenoid, greater wing
Maxillary nerve (V)
Ovale
Sphenoid, greater wing
Mandibular nerve (V); accessory meningeal
artery; lesser petrosal nerve
Spinosum
Sphecoid, greater wing
Mandibular nerve, recurrent branch (V); middle
meningeal vessels
Lacerum
Sphenoid, greater wing and body; apex
of petrous temporal; base of occipital
Meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal
Internal acoustic meatus
Temporal, petrous portion
Facial nerve (VII); acoustic nerve (VIII): internal
auditory artery; nervus intermedius
Jugular
Temporal, petrous portion; occipital
Glossopharyngeal (IX); vagus (X); accessory
(XI); internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital
Hypoglossal nerve (XII); meningeal artery
Condyloid canal
Occipital
Vein from transverse sinus
Carotid canal
Temporal, petrous portion
Internal carotid artery
Stylomastoid
Temporal, between mastoid and styloid
processes
Facial nerve (VII)
Mastoid
Temporal, mastoid portion
An emissary vein
Foramen magnum
Occipital
Medulla oblongata and its meninges; accessory
nerves (XII); vertebral arteries
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