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CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. FISH (example) What is it? AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS Aquatic vertebrates w/Paired fins, Scales, gills Eg: Lampreys and Hagfishes Sharks, skates, rays Groupings Ray-finned, lobe-finned Jawless Lampreys and Hagfishes Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous) Sharks, skates, rays Feeding Osteichthyes (Bony) Ray-finned, lobe-finned All represented (herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus feeders) Circulation Excretion: gills, kidneys— ammonia. Kidneys also regulate H2O for salt v. fresh Closed system: 4-part heart (veins to sinus venosus to atrium, to ventricle bulbus arteriousus to aorta to body) , one loop 1 modified: 5/8/2017 CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. FISH (example) Respiration Reproduction AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS Gills for gas exchange: Gills w/ filaments w/ capillaries w/ large surface area to exchange O2 and CO2, some have multiple openings (lampreys and sharks), most only 1, behind operculum. Lungfishes: specialized tube to air for more O2 Oviparous: eggs hatch outside body,Eg: Salmon Ovoviviparous: eggs stay in body after internal fertilization, embryo develops in egg, egg hatches inside, and young born live. Eg: guppy Viviparous: embryos stay in mom’s body after internal fert. Get nutrients from mom, not yolk. Born live. Movement 2 Alternating paired sets of muscles along backbone. S-shaped movements w/ backwards force to move forward. Fins: stabilizers, flaps, and rudders. Increase SA of tail for propulsion. Streamlined, to reduce drag. Swim Bladder for buoyancy. modified: 5/8/2017 CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. FISH (example) Body Temperature Ectothermic: outside H2O temp = inside body temp. Ecology FreshH2O, SaltH2O, some both w/ specialized ability to control H2O balance. AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS Anadramous (salt to fresh), eg: salmon Catadromous (fresh to salt), eg: European eels herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus feeders 3 modified: 5/8/2017 CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. Fishes (Ch 30) Evolution: first vertebrates, common invert ancestor. Jaws and paired appendages arose w/in fishes and lungfishes (tube for air). Early fishes: plates, no jaws. Adaptive radiation 505-410mya: some lost armor, some maintained but went extinct, some had jaws can be used to eat a variety of animals/plants and for defense. This occurred at same time as paired fins attached to girdles (pectoral and pelvic) which allows for variety of mvmt, allows branching out (lobe-fins, ray fins, etc) increased speed, accuracy. Cartilage and bone present. 4 What Is it Groupings Feeding Respiration Circulation Reproduction Movement Body Temp Control Ecology Aquatic vertebrates w/Paired fins, Scales, gills Jawless Lampreys and Hagfishes All represented (herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus feeders) Gills for gas exchange: Gills w/ filaments w/ capillaries w/ large surface area to exchange O2 and CO2, some have multiple openings (lampreys and sharks), most only 1, behind operculum. Lungfishes: specialized tube to air for more O2 Oviparous: eggs hatch outside body,Eg: Salmon FreshH2O, SaltH2O, some both w/ specialized ability to control H2O balance. Eg: Lampreys and Hagfishes Sharks, skates, rays Ray-finned, lobe-finned Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous) Sharks, skates, rays Osteichthyes (Bony) Ray-finned, lobe-finned Excretion: gills, kidneys— ammonia. Kidneys also regulate H2O for salt v. fresh Closed system: 4-part heart (veins to sinus venosus to atrium, to ventricle bulbus arteriousus to aorta to body) , one loop Ovoviviparous: eggs stay in body after internal fertilization, embryo develops in egg, egg hatches inside, and young born live. Eg: guppy Viviparous: embryos stay in mom’s body after internal fert. Get nutrients from mom, not yolk. Born live. Alternating paired sets of muscles along backbone. Sshaped movements w/ backwards force to move forward. Fins: stabilizers, flaps, and rudders. Increase SA of tail for propulsion. Streamlined, to reduce drag. Swim Bladder for buoyancy. Ectothermic: outside H2O temp = inside body temp. modified: 5/8/2017 Anadramous (salt to fresh), eg: salmon Catadromous (fresh to salt), eg: European eels herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus feeders CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. Amphibians (Ch 30) Evolution: about 360mya. Similar to lobe-finned fishes, but with legs (lobefin fleshy). Need to breathe air so lungs necessary (tie to lungfishes again). Eggs need to not dry out, so stay in H2O. Bones in girdles, stronger. Sternum for shield to protect lungs. Early amphibians huge: up to 5 meters. Carboniferous period, amphibians were dominant. Gave rise to modern amphibians and reptiles. Climate changes caused extinction. Very few left. WHAT GROUP FEED RESPIRE CIRC REPRO MVMT TEMP ECO Vertebrate that lives in H2O as larva and land as adult (some exceptions), has moist skin w/ mucous glands, no scales, no claws. Salamanders: Urodela long bodies and tails, 4 legs, carnivores, in moist woods where they tunnel under rocks and logs. Also newts (land) and mud puppies, (w/ external gills in H2O) Larval: filter feeders or herbivores eating algae. Intestines generally filled w/food, adults meat-eaters, changed digestive tract (shorter intestines). Caecilians just snap jaws open/closed, frogs and salamanders have long-sticky tongue. Through skin and lungs (some thru mouth). Some salamanders don’t have lungs at all, all thru skin Double loop: one loop carries oxygen poor blood (from heart to lungs and skin), one oxygen rich (from lungs and skin to body). 10 external fertilization, some salamanders, internal. Eggs must stay moist. Male climbs on female frog to squeeze, eggs released, male fertilizes. Eggs encased in sticky jelly attaching to underwater plants for protection, abandoned by parent, generally. Yolks nourish embryo until hatch into tadpoles. Go through metamorphosis. Larval stage— swim (wiggling, using tail for propulsion). Adult: walking, but in Sshaped curves, or jumping, some have discs for suction. Ectotherms In water and land. Nictitating membranes to keep eyes open in water. Keen eyesight to catch bugs. Carnivores as adults. Larval stage generally filter-feeders and algae eaters. All must be near water for reproduction, but toads drier areas, stay inactive to conserve H2O. Usually tropical.Bright coloration, camouflage, or poisonous skin for protection. Eg: Salamanders, Frogs and Toads, Caecilians Frogs and Toads: Anura jump (frogs, long, toads short) no tails as adults. Frogs closer to H2O than toads Caecilians: Apoda no legs, in H2O, eat small inverts. Fishlike scales 5 All have mouth to stomach to intestine to cloaca (all wastes, sperm, and eggs leave from) Larval: skin and gills. 3-chambered heart: RA, LA Ventricle: body to RA (O2 poor), simultaneously with lungs to LA (O2 rich). Both to ventricle (some mixing) pumped out back to body and lungs. Some care for eggs or young (in mouth, on back, connected to legs) Global decline in populations, not understood. modified: 5/8/2017 CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. Reptiles (Ch 31) Evolution: First vertebrates to have Amniotic Egg, leathery shell, 2-looped circulation, jaws, girdles to support weight. First known reptile fossils 350mya. Cooler, drier time, amphibians dying, adaptive radiation of reptiles. Mammal like reptiles in Permian 245 mya. Dinosaurs in Triassic and Jurassic, large aquatic reptiles, small to enormous land dinosaurs. 2 legged running, or 4, small family groups w/ nests, or not. Some w/ feathers. All were either Ornithischia (birdhipped) or Saurishia (lizardhipped). 65mya mass extinction of dinosaurs. 6 WHAT GROUP FEED RESPIRE CIRC REPRO MVMT TEMP ECO Vertebrate w/ well developed skull, backbone w/ tail, 2 girdles, 4 limbs Lizards and snakes: Squamata Lizards: legs, clawed toes, external ears, movable eyelids. Some venomous. Snakes: legless, some venomous. Crocodilians: Crocodilia alligators (America), crocs (s. Hemi), caimans, and gavials: long broad snout, squat appearance carnivores. Guard eggs and young. Tropics. Turtles/Tortoises: Testudines turtles in H2O tortoises land 1O. Shell built into skeleton. Carapace (dorsal) and plastron (ventral). Protection, no teeth but strong jaws w/horny ridges, strong limbs to carry shell Tuataras: Sphenodonta only members left, look like lizards, but no external ears and 3rd eye (see sun) Herbivores w/ long digestive tracts. Carnivores, jaws, swallow whole. Insectivores, sticky tongues. Spongy lungs, more area than amphibians. Lungs only, not skin. Muscles around ribs help expand and contract chest for inhalation and exhalation. Some Crocodiles have flaps of skin to separate mouth from nasal passages to breathe thru nostrils while mouth open. 2 lungs, except some snakes only 1 lung. Double-loop, 1 loop to/from lungs. 1 loop to/from body. 2 atria, 1 or 2 ventricles. Partial septum in single ventricle 1O. Alligators/Crocs most developed hearts (4 chambers)—like birds and mammals. Internal fertilization , male deposits sperm into female w/ penislike organ to cloaca., female covers embryo w/membranes and leathery shell. Some lay eggs, some in nests, some not, some guard and care (alligators), some ovoviviparous. Larger, stronger limbs compared to amphibians. Walk, run, burrow, swim, climb. Often rotated under body allowing them to carry more weight. Flippers in aquatic reptiles. Backbone allows for mvmt. Ectotherms, rely on behavior to help control T. Bask in sun to warm (or stay underwater), move to shade, swim, or take shelter to cool down. Endangered due to habitat destruction and hunting. (food, pets, skins). Sea turtle recovery programs underway. Vertebrate w/dry scaly skin, lungs, terrestrial eggs w/ membranes. Dry skin must be shed, not grow w/ organism, but keeps water in. Eg: lizard, alligator, turtle, tuatara Amniotic Egg: amnion, yolk sac, chorion, and allantois modified: 5/8/2017 Herbivores, carnivores, insectivores. Live on land, in fresh and marine waters, and deserts. CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. Aves WHAT GROUP FEED RESPIRE CIRC REPRO MVMT TEMP ECO (Ch 31) Reptile-like; constant body temperature; feathers cover; two scaled covered legs, used walking, perching. Pelicans and their relatives; Parrots; Birds of Prey; Perching Birds; Cavity-Nesting Birds; Herons and their relatives; Ostriches and their relatives High energy need based on need for controlled body temperature and flight; Unique; highly efficient system. Highly efficient four chambered heart; two separate circulatory loops. Complete separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. Sexual reproduction; reproductive tracts for both sexes open into the cloaca. Sex organs change size based on the season; increase in size during mating season. Internal fert. (press cloacas together) Many fly; some only walk/run/swim Endotherms.; generate body heat with a high metabolic rate; 410C common body temperature. Many pollinate flowers; dispersal of fruit seeds by some birds; control of insects populations, such as mosquitoes; indicators of environmental health. Evolution: May have come from extinct reptiles based on the following evidence— amniotic eggs; nitrogenousrich body wastes called uric acid; similar skeletal features/hollow bones. Archaeopteryx—possible transition species between reptiles and birds. Another theory—reptiles and birds evolved from an earlier common ancestor. Eg: Emerald Toucan; Barbet; Macaws; Owls; Boobies. Different bills adapted to different types of food. No teeth but crop (wet food); twopart stomach; some a gizzard (food grinding). Herbivores; omnivores; carnivores. Inhale = air enters large air sacks, then travels to lungs, through breathing tubes = one-way flow of oxygen-rich air. High heart rate (150-1000 beats/min.) to keep blood moving rapidly. EXCRET Nitrogenous waste converted to uric acid; water reabsorbed in the cloaca. White pasty excretion 7 Amniotic eggs with hard shells. Usually incubated by parents. RESPONSE Well-developed sense organs. Good—eyes (see color); hearing. Bad-taste and smell. Relatively large brain to body size; well developed cerebrum and cerebellum Feathercovered wings. Two feather types—contour (flight); down (warmth). Rigid but lightweight skeleton oven with a large keel. Large chest muscles (up to 30% of body mass). Some migrate long distances (e.g., 1000s miles open ocean), using the Earth’s magnetic field, celestial bodies, land forms as guides. modified: 5/8/2017 CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34 Biology Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The FISH has been done for you as an example. Mammals (Ch 32) Evolution: Fossils identified on the basis of the lower jaw, complex teeth replaced 1X/lifetime; distinct limbs and backbones. Appeared in the Triassic Period 220 million years ago. Small; nocturnal; insect-feeders. Demonstrate examples of convergent evolution. E.g., armadillo and pangolin; giant anteater and aardvark. WHAT GROUPS FEED RESPIRE CIRC REPRO MVMT TEMP ECO Two notable features: hair and mammary glands. Also breathe air, have a fourchambered heart; are endotherms. Monotremes: Lay eggs. Have physiological similarities to reptiles. E.g., platypus, spiny anteaters, echidnas. High metabolic rate = eat 10X reptile same size. Herbivores; omnivores; carnivores; filter feeders. Lungs to breathe. Breathing controlled by two sets of muscles; one is the powerful diaphragm. Muscles cause the chest cavity to expand or contract. Two completely separate loops— one from the lungs; one to the rest of the body; four chambered heart: right side—receives O2-poor blood from the body and sends to lungs; left side—O2-rich blood is received, pumped to body. By internal fertilization of egg by sperm. A wide variety of limbs and digits adapted to different needs and habitats (e.g., climbers; runners; diggers; flyers; swimmers). Endotherms. Have hair, subcutaneous fat layer to conserve body heat; sweat glands to cool the body. Example of homeostasis. Endothermic nature and efficient kidneys = homeostasis can be maintained in a wide variety of habitats. Marsupials: Bear live young but at a very young stage of development; complete development in an external pouch. E.g., kangaroos, koalas, and wombats. Placental Mammals: Nutrients, O2, CO2, and wastes are exchanged efficiently between the embryo and the mother through a placenta. 8 Different jaw features and specialized teeth, based on food source. Carnivores— canine teeth; ridged molars/premolars; short digestive tract. Herbivores— broad flat molars and premolars; long digestive tract; specialized stomach (rumen). EXCRE Highly developed kidneys that conserve salts, sugars, water and release urea. Homeostasis Young need care, usually from mother but also the father, when they are born and for a long time afterward. RESPONSE Highly developed brain; three main parts—cerebrum (outer layer called cerebral cortex), cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. Highly developed senses. modified: 5/8/2017 Highly developed immune system allows them to fight diseases. Roles to play in ecosystem, based on feeding nature/position in food web.