Download FISH

CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
FISH (example)
What is it?
AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES
BIRDS
MAMMALS
Aquatic vertebrates
w/Paired fins, Scales, gills
Eg:
Lampreys and Hagfishes
Sharks, skates, rays
Groupings
Ray-finned, lobe-finned
Jawless
Lampreys and Hagfishes
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous)
Sharks, skates, rays
Feeding
Osteichthyes (Bony)
Ray-finned, lobe-finned
All represented
(herbivores, carnivores,
parasites, filter feeders,
detritus feeders)
Circulation
Excretion: gills, kidneys—
ammonia. Kidneys also
regulate H2O for salt v.
fresh
Closed system: 4-part
heart (veins to sinus
venosus to atrium, to
ventricle bulbus
arteriousus to aorta to
body) , one loop
1
modified: 5/8/2017
CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
FISH (example)
Respiration
Reproduction
AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES
BIRDS
MAMMALS
Gills for gas exchange:
Gills w/ filaments w/
capillaries w/ large
surface area to exchange
O2 and CO2, some have
multiple openings
(lampreys and sharks),
most only 1, behind
operculum.
Lungfishes: specialized
tube to air for more O2
Oviparous: eggs hatch
outside body,Eg: Salmon
Ovoviviparous: eggs stay
in body after internal
fertilization, embryo
develops in egg, egg
hatches inside, and young
born live. Eg: guppy
Viviparous: embryos stay
in mom’s body after
internal fert. Get
nutrients from mom, not
yolk. Born live.
Movement
2
Alternating paired sets of
muscles along backbone.
S-shaped movements w/
backwards force to move
forward. Fins: stabilizers,
flaps, and rudders.
Increase SA of tail for
propulsion. Streamlined,
to reduce drag. Swim
Bladder for buoyancy.
modified: 5/8/2017
CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
FISH (example)
Body Temperature
Ectothermic: outside H2O
temp = inside body temp.
Ecology
FreshH2O, SaltH2O, some
both w/ specialized ability
to control H2O balance.
AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES
BIRDS
MAMMALS
Anadramous (salt to
fresh), eg: salmon
Catadromous (fresh to
salt), eg: European eels
herbivores, carnivores,
parasites, filter feeders,
detritus feeders
3
modified: 5/8/2017
CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
Fishes
(Ch 30)
Evolution: first
vertebrates, common invert
ancestor. Jaws and paired
appendages arose w/in
fishes and lungfishes (tube
for air). Early fishes:
plates, no jaws. Adaptive
radiation 505-410mya: some
lost armor, some maintained
but went extinct, some had
jaws can be used to eat a
variety of animals/plants
and for defense. This
occurred at same time as
paired fins attached to
girdles (pectoral and pelvic)
which allows for variety of
mvmt, allows branching out
(lobe-fins, ray fins, etc)
increased speed, accuracy.
Cartilage and bone present.
4
What
Is it
Groupings
Feeding
Respiration Circulation
Reproduction Movement Body
Temp
Control
Ecology
Aquatic
vertebrates
w/Paired
fins, Scales,
gills
Jawless
Lampreys and
Hagfishes
All represented
(herbivores,
carnivores,
parasites, filter
feeders, detritus
feeders)
Gills for gas
exchange: Gills
w/ filaments w/
capillaries w/
large surface
area to
exchange O2 and
CO2, some have
multiple
openings
(lampreys and
sharks), most
only 1, behind
operculum.
Lungfishes:
specialized tube
to air for more
O2
Oviparous: eggs
hatch outside
body,Eg: Salmon
FreshH2O,
SaltH2O, some
both w/
specialized
ability to
control H2O
balance.
Eg:
Lampreys
and
Hagfishes
Sharks,
skates, rays
Ray-finned,
lobe-finned
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous)
Sharks, skates,
rays
Osteichthyes
(Bony)
Ray-finned,
lobe-finned
Excretion: gills,
kidneys—
ammonia. Kidneys
also regulate H2O
for salt v. fresh
Closed system:
4-part heart
(veins to sinus
venosus to
atrium, to
ventricle bulbus
arteriousus to
aorta to body) ,
one loop
Ovoviviparous: eggs
stay in body after
internal
fertilization,
embryo develops in
egg, egg hatches
inside, and young
born live. Eg:
guppy
Viviparous:
embryos stay in
mom’s body after
internal fert. Get
nutrients from
mom, not yolk.
Born live.
Alternating
paired sets of
muscles along
backbone. Sshaped
movements w/
backwards
force to move
forward. Fins:
stabilizers,
flaps, and
rudders.
Increase SA
of tail for
propulsion.
Streamlined,
to reduce
drag. Swim
Bladder for
buoyancy.
Ectothermic:
outside H2O
temp = inside
body temp.
modified: 5/8/2017
Anadramous
(salt to fresh),
eg: salmon
Catadromous
(fresh to salt),
eg: European
eels
herbivores,
carnivores,
parasites,
filter feeders,
detritus
feeders
CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
Amphibians
(Ch 30)
Evolution: about 360mya.
Similar to lobe-finned
fishes, but with legs (lobefin fleshy). Need to
breathe air so lungs
necessary (tie to lungfishes
again). Eggs need to not
dry out, so stay in H2O.
Bones in girdles, stronger.
Sternum for shield to
protect lungs.
Early amphibians huge: up
to 5 meters. Carboniferous
period, amphibians were
dominant. Gave rise to
modern amphibians and
reptiles. Climate changes
caused extinction. Very
few left.
WHAT
GROUP
FEED
RESPIRE
CIRC
REPRO
MVMT
TEMP
ECO
Vertebrate
that lives in
H2O as larva
and land as
adult (some
exceptions),
has moist
skin w/
mucous
glands, no
scales, no
claws.
Salamanders:
Urodela long
bodies and tails,
4 legs,
carnivores, in
moist woods
where they
tunnel under
rocks and logs.
Also newts
(land) and mud
puppies, (w/
external gills in
H2O)
Larval: filter
feeders or
herbivores eating
algae. Intestines
generally filled
w/food, adults
meat-eaters,
changed digestive
tract (shorter
intestines).
Caecilians just
snap jaws
open/closed,
frogs and
salamanders have
long-sticky
tongue.
Through skin
and lungs (some
thru mouth).
Some
salamanders
don’t have lungs
at all, all thru
skin
Double loop:
one loop carries
oxygen poor
blood (from
heart to lungs
and skin), one
oxygen rich
(from lungs and
skin to body).
10 external
fertilization, some
salamanders,
internal. Eggs must
stay moist. Male
climbs on female
frog to squeeze,
eggs released, male
fertilizes. Eggs
encased in sticky
jelly attaching to
underwater plants
for protection,
abandoned by
parent, generally.
Yolks nourish
embryo until hatch
into tadpoles. Go
through
metamorphosis.
Larval stage—
swim (wiggling,
using tail for
propulsion).
Adult: walking,
but in Sshaped curves,
or jumping,
some have
discs for
suction.
Ectotherms
In water and
land.
Nictitating
membranes to
keep eyes open
in water. Keen
eyesight to
catch bugs.
Carnivores as
adults. Larval
stage generally
filter-feeders
and algae
eaters.
All must be
near water for
reproduction,
but toads drier
areas, stay
inactive to
conserve H2O.
Usually
tropical.Bright
coloration,
camouflage, or
poisonous skin
for protection.
Eg:
Salamanders,
Frogs and
Toads,
Caecilians
Frogs and
Toads: Anura
jump (frogs,
long, toads
short) no tails
as adults. Frogs
closer to H2O
than toads
Caecilians:
Apoda no legs,
in H2O, eat
small inverts.
Fishlike scales
5
All have mouth to
stomach to
intestine to
cloaca (all wastes,
sperm, and eggs
leave from)
Larval: skin and
gills.
3-chambered
heart: RA, LA
Ventricle: body
to RA (O2 poor),
simultaneously
with lungs to LA
(O2 rich). Both
to ventricle
(some mixing)
pumped out
back to body
and lungs.
Some care for eggs
or young (in mouth,
on back, connected
to legs)
Global decline
in populations,
not
understood.
modified: 5/8/2017
CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
Reptiles
(Ch 31)
Evolution: First
vertebrates to have
Amniotic Egg, leathery
shell, 2-looped circulation,
jaws, girdles to support
weight.
First known reptile fossils
350mya. Cooler, drier time,
amphibians dying, adaptive
radiation of reptiles.
Mammal like reptiles in
Permian 245 mya.
Dinosaurs in Triassic and
Jurassic, large aquatic
reptiles, small to enormous
land dinosaurs. 2 legged
running, or 4, small family
groups w/ nests, or not.
Some w/ feathers. All were
either Ornithischia (birdhipped) or Saurishia (lizardhipped).
65mya mass extinction of
dinosaurs.
6
WHAT
GROUP
FEED
RESPIRE
CIRC
REPRO
MVMT
TEMP
ECO
Vertebrate
w/ well
developed
skull,
backbone w/
tail, 2
girdles, 4
limbs
Lizards and
snakes: Squamata
Lizards: legs,
clawed toes,
external ears,
movable eyelids.
Some venomous.
Snakes: legless,
some venomous.
Crocodilians:
Crocodilia
alligators
(America), crocs
(s. Hemi), caimans,
and gavials: long
broad snout, squat
appearance
carnivores. Guard
eggs and young.
Tropics.
Turtles/Tortoises:
Testudines turtles
in H2O tortoises
land 1O. Shell
built into skeleton.
Carapace (dorsal)
and plastron
(ventral).
Protection, no
teeth but strong
jaws w/horny
ridges, strong
limbs to carry
shell
Tuataras:
Sphenodonta only
members left, look
like lizards, but no
external ears and
3rd eye (see sun)
Herbivores w/
long digestive
tracts.
Carnivores, jaws,
swallow whole.
Insectivores,
sticky tongues.
Spongy lungs,
more area than
amphibians.
Lungs only, not
skin. Muscles
around ribs help
expand and
contract chest
for inhalation
and exhalation.
Some Crocodiles
have flaps of
skin to separate
mouth from
nasal passages
to breathe thru
nostrils while
mouth open. 2
lungs, except
some snakes only
1 lung.
Double-loop, 1
loop to/from
lungs. 1 loop
to/from body.
2 atria, 1 or 2
ventricles.
Partial septum
in single
ventricle 1O.
Alligators/Crocs
most developed
hearts (4
chambers)—like
birds and
mammals.
Internal
fertilization , male
deposits sperm into
female w/ penislike
organ to cloaca.,
female covers
embryo
w/membranes and
leathery shell.
Some lay eggs,
some in nests, some
not, some guard
and care
(alligators), some
ovoviviparous.
Larger,
stronger limbs
compared to
amphibians.
Walk, run,
burrow, swim,
climb. Often
rotated under
body allowing
them to carry
more weight.
Flippers in
aquatic
reptiles.
Backbone
allows for
mvmt.
Ectotherms,
rely on
behavior to
help control
T. Bask in
sun to warm
(or stay
underwater),
move to
shade, swim,
or take
shelter to
cool down.
Endangered
due to habitat
destruction
and hunting.
(food, pets,
skins). Sea
turtle recovery
programs
underway.
Vertebrate
w/dry scaly
skin, lungs,
terrestrial
eggs w/
membranes.
Dry skin
must be
shed, not
grow w/
organism,
but keeps
water in.
Eg: lizard,
alligator,
turtle,
tuatara
Amniotic Egg:
amnion, yolk sac,
chorion, and
allantois
modified: 5/8/2017
Herbivores,
carnivores,
insectivores.
Live on land, in
fresh and
marine waters,
and deserts.
CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
Aves
WHAT
GROUP
FEED
RESPIRE
CIRC
REPRO
MVMT
TEMP
ECO
(Ch 31)
Reptile-like;
constant
body
temperature;
feathers
cover; two
scaled
covered legs,
used walking,
perching.
Pelicans and
their relatives;
Parrots; Birds
of Prey;
Perching Birds;
Cavity-Nesting
Birds; Herons
and their
relatives;
Ostriches and
their relatives
High energy need
based on need for
controlled body
temperature and
flight;
Unique; highly
efficient
system.
Highly efficient
four chambered
heart; two
separate
circulatory
loops. Complete
separation of
oxygen-rich and
oxygen-poor
blood.
Sexual
reproduction;
reproductive tracts
for both sexes
open into the
cloaca. Sex organs
change size based
on the season;
increase in size
during mating
season. Internal
fert. (press
cloacas together)
Many fly; some
only
walk/run/swim
Endotherms.;
generate
body heat
with a high
metabolic
rate; 410C
common body
temperature.
Many pollinate
flowers;
dispersal of
fruit seeds by
some birds;
control of
insects
populations,
such as
mosquitoes;
indicators of
environmental
health.
Evolution: May have come
from extinct reptiles based
on the following evidence—
amniotic eggs; nitrogenousrich body wastes called uric
acid; similar skeletal
features/hollow bones.
Archaeopteryx—possible
transition species between
reptiles and birds.
Another theory—reptiles
and birds evolved from an
earlier common ancestor.
Eg: Emerald
Toucan;
Barbet;
Macaws;
Owls;
Boobies.
Different bills
adapted to
different types
of food.
No teeth but crop
(wet food); twopart stomach;
some a gizzard
(food grinding).
Herbivores;
omnivores;
carnivores.
Inhale = air
enters large air
sacks, then
travels to lungs,
through
breathing tubes
= one-way flow
of oxygen-rich
air.
High heart rate
(150-1000
beats/min.) to
keep blood
moving rapidly.
EXCRET
Nitrogenous
waste converted
to uric acid;
water
reabsorbed in
the cloaca.
White pasty
excretion
7
Amniotic eggs with
hard shells. Usually
incubated by
parents.
RESPONSE
Well-developed
sense organs.
Good—eyes (see
color); hearing.
Bad-taste and
smell. Relatively
large brain to body
size; well developed
cerebrum and
cerebellum
Feathercovered wings.
Two feather
types—contour
(flight); down
(warmth). Rigid
but lightweight
skeleton oven
with a large
keel. Large
chest muscles
(up to 30% of
body mass).
Some migrate
long distances
(e.g., 1000s
miles open
ocean), using
the Earth’s
magnetic field,
celestial
bodies, land
forms as
guides.
modified: 5/8/2017
CHORDATES Unit 9, Chapters 30-34
Biology
Directions: Use Chapters 30 through 34 and the chart below to read and take notes about the major types of chordate organisms. The
FISH has been done for you as an example.
Mammals
(Ch 32)
Evolution: Fossils identified
on the basis of the lower
jaw, complex teeth replaced
1X/lifetime; distinct limbs
and backbones. Appeared in
the Triassic Period 220
million years ago. Small;
nocturnal; insect-feeders.
Demonstrate examples of
convergent evolution. E.g.,
armadillo and pangolin; giant
anteater and aardvark.
WHAT
GROUPS
FEED
RESPIRE
CIRC
REPRO
MVMT
TEMP
ECO
Two notable
features:
hair and
mammary
glands. Also
breathe air,
have a fourchambered
heart; are
endotherms.
Monotremes:
Lay eggs. Have
physiological
similarities to
reptiles. E.g.,
platypus, spiny
anteaters,
echidnas.
High metabolic
rate = eat 10X
reptile same size.
Herbivores;
omnivores;
carnivores; filter
feeders.
Lungs to
breathe.
Breathing
controlled by
two sets of
muscles; one is
the powerful
diaphragm.
Muscles cause
the chest cavity
to expand or
contract.
Two completely
separate loops—
one from the
lungs; one to
the rest of the
body; four
chambered
heart: right
side—receives
O2-poor blood
from the body
and sends to
lungs; left
side—O2-rich
blood is
received,
pumped to body.
By internal
fertilization of egg
by sperm.
A wide variety
of limbs and
digits adapted
to different
needs and
habitats (e.g.,
climbers;
runners;
diggers;
flyers;
swimmers).
Endotherms.
Have hair,
subcutaneous
fat layer to
conserve
body heat;
sweat glands
to cool the
body.
Example of
homeostasis.
Endothermic
nature and
efficient
kidneys =
homeostasis
can be
maintained in a
wide variety of
habitats.
Marsupials:
Bear live young
but at a very
young stage of
development;
complete
development in
an external
pouch.
E.g., kangaroos,
koalas, and
wombats.
Placental
Mammals:
Nutrients, O2,
CO2, and
wastes are
exchanged
efficiently
between the
embryo and the
mother through
a placenta.
8
Different jaw
features and
specialized teeth,
based on food
source.
Carnivores—
canine teeth;
ridged
molars/premolars;
short digestive
tract.
Herbivores—
broad flat molars
and premolars;
long digestive
tract; specialized
stomach (rumen).
EXCRE
Highly developed
kidneys that
conserve salts,
sugars, water
and release
urea.
Homeostasis
Young need care,
usually from
mother but also
the father, when
they are born and
for a long time
afterward.
RESPONSE
Highly developed
brain; three main
parts—cerebrum
(outer layer called
cerebral cortex),
cerebellum, and
medulla oblongata.
Highly developed
senses.
modified: 5/8/2017
Highly
developed
immune system
allows them to
fight diseases.
Roles to play in
ecosystem,
based on
feeding
nature/position
in food web.