Download Dichotomous Key

Milestone Life Science Review
Dichotomous Key
1) Dichotomous means to divide into 2 parts
2) How many choices are given for each step in a dichotomous key? 2
3) Which of these is the MOST useful question for a key to classify butterflies? Then state a reason for not
selecting each answer:
A. Is it pretty?
OPINION
B. Does it fly?
MOST USEFUL
C. Is it smaller than a dog? THERE ARE TOO MANY SIZES OF DOGS TO COMPARE TO
4) TAXONOMY is the grouping/classifying of organisms.
5) A DICHOTOMOUS KEY is used to identify the name of an unknown organism.
6 Kingdoms
Vocabulary:
6) EUKARYOTE a cell that has a nucleus.
7) PROKARYOTE a cell that does NOT have a nucleus
8) AUTOTROPH a cell that can make it’s own food.
9) HETEROTROPH a cell that CANNOT make it’s own food.
10) The six kingdoms are: ANIMAL, PLANT, FUNGI, PROTIST, EUBACTERIA, ARCHAEBACTERIA
List the kingdoms where organisms are:
11) Single Cell vs. Multi- Cellular
All Multi-Cellular
All Single-Cell
PLANT
ARCHAEBACTERIA
ANIMAL
EUBACTERIA
Both single & multi-cellular
PROTIST
FUNGI
12) Heterotrophic vs. Autotrophic
Heterotroph
Autotroph
ANIMAL
PLANT
FUNGI
Both Hetero- & Auto-trophic
PROTIST, EUBACTERIA, ARCHABACTERIA
13) Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
PLANT, FUNGI
ANIMAL, PROTIST
Prokaryotic
EUBACTERIA, ARCHAEBACTERIA
14) Cell Wall – None vs. Cellulous vs. Chitin vs. Peptidoglycan
Note: one kingdom can be placed into two categories
None
ANIMAL
Protist – animal-like
Cellulous
PLANT
Protist – plant-like
Chitin
FUNGI
Peptidoglycan
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Classification
15) King - KINGDOM
Phillip - PHYLUM
Came - CLASS
Over - ORDER
For - FAMILY
Grape - GENUS
Soda - SPECIES
Broad
Specific
16) The first part of the scientific name is the GENUS
17) The second part of the scientific name is the SPECIES
18) Properly write the following scientific name: Canus familiaris
Species: familiaris
Genus: canus
19) BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE is the two name system for naming organisms.
Cell Structure & Function
20) NUCLEUS is the control center for the cell
21) CELL MEMBRANE controls what comes in and out of the cell
22) MITOCHONDRIA is the powerhouse of the cell/where energy is turned into ATP
23) ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM moves things around in the cell
24) LYSOSOMES digests things in the cell/break things down
25) RIBOSOMES makes protein
26) GOLGI BODIES packages things for shipment out of the cell
27) CELL WALL gives the cell support and protection
28) CHLOROPLAST turns suns energy into food
29) VACUOLE stores food, water and waste
30) Explain how the following organelles are different between a plant and animal cell.
Chloroplast – ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
Cell Wall – ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
Vacuole – LARGER IN PLANT CELLS
Cellular Organization
31) What are the levels of organization from cells to organism?
Cell  TISSUE  ORGAN  ORGAN SYSTEM  Organism
32) Place the items in order from MOST complex to LEAST complex
(5) Muscle Cell / (3) Bicep / (2) Muscular System / (1) Human / (4) Connective Tissue
Cell Transport
33) Active transport USES or DOES NOT USE energy (circle one)
34) Passive transport USES or DOES NOT USE energy (circle one)
Everything you need to know about Passive Transport:
35) Passive transport relies on the physical process called DIFFUSION
36) The physical process called diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of HIGH - LOW
concentration.
37) EQUILIBRIUM is a state when molecules are evenly spread inside and outside of the cell.
38) FACILITATED DIFFUSION is when molecules move into or out of the cell through a protein channel.
39) OSMOSIS is the special name we give to the diffusion of water.
40) A semi-permeable membrane allows only certain things to diffuse across the cell membrane.
Everything you need to know about Active Transport:
41) ENDOCYTOSIS is the movement of larger particles INTO the cell by engulfing the object. This
process uses energy.
42) EXOCYTOSIS is the movement of larger particles OUT of the cell with the assistance of a vesicle that
moves the object to the cell membrane and then releases it outside of the cell. This process uses energy.
Solutions
43) HYPOTONIC is a solution where the cell swells as water moves into the cell.
44) HYPERTONIC is a solution where the cell shrinks as water moves out of the cell.
45) ISOTONIC is a solution where the concentration of water inside and outside of the cell is equal.
46) In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of water outside the cell is GREATER OR LESSER than
inside. (circle one)
47) In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of water outside the cell is GREATER OR LESSER than
inside the cell. (circle one)
48) If the concentration of water in a solution is 30%, then the concentration of particles in that solution
must be 70%.
49) A cell is in a solution. Will the water move INTO or OUT of the cell if the particle concentration
outside the cell is higher than the particle concentration inside the cell?
Photosynthesis / Respiration / Fermentation
50) The formula for Photosynthesis is:
SUN’S ENERGY+ CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER  GLUCOSE+ OXYGEN
51) The formula for Respiration is:
GLUCOSE +OXYGEN  CARBON DIOXIDE +WATER + ATP ENERGY
52) What cellular process turns food into energy? RESPIRATION
53) What cellular process turns energy into food? PHOTOSYNTHESIS
54) Cellular respiration takes place in the cells MITOCHONDRIA organelle.
55) Photosynthesis takes place in the cells CHOLORPLAST organelle.
56) FERMENTATION is the processes of turning food into energy (respiration) without the presence of
oxygen.
Cell Division
57) MITOSIS is the name of cell division for body cells.
58) MEIOSIS is the name of cell division for sperm and egg cells.
59) If a body cell starts out with 24 chromosomes, each of the 2 cells created after MITOSIS will have 24
chromosomes.
60) If a sperm or egg cell starts out with 36 chromosomes, each of the 4 cells created after MEIOSIS will have
18 chromosomes.
Gametes are the sperm and egg cells.
Somatic cells are the body cells.
61) Name each process below:
A) MITOSIS
B) MEIOSIS
Genetics
62) GENOTYPE is the combination of alleles
63) PHENOTYPE is the physical expression of the allele combination
64) HETEROZYGOUS the alleles are different
65) HOMOZYGOUS the alleles are the same
66) Blue flowers are dominant over pink flowers. Write out the genotype and phenotype.
Genotype
Phenotype
Homozygous Dominant
BB
BLUE
Homozygous Recessive
bb
PINK
Heterozygous
Bb
BLUE
67) HYBRID is another name for heterozygous
68) PUREBRED is another name for homozygous
69) Use the following information to create a Punnett Square:
a. Blue flowers are dominant over pink flowers
b. Mother is a hybrid
c. Father is purebred recessive
B
b
70) What percentage of offspring are pink? 50 %
71) What percentage of offspring are blue? 50 %
b
b
Bb
bb
Bb
bb
72) Selective Breeding is the general process of controlling which offspring reproduce
73) Inbreeding is the process of selecting two very similar organisms (of the same species) and breeding them in
order to maintain certain traits.
74) Hybridization is the process of selecting to organisms (of the same species) where each has a different
desirable trait. These are then bred in hopes that the offspring will inherit each desirable trait.
75) Genetic Engineering is taking a slice of DNA out of one cell and placing it into the DNA of another cell.
76) Cloning is the process of removing the nucleus of an egg cell, then placing the DNA from one cell of a
donor organism, then allowing the egg cell to divide and create an organism that is identical to the donor
organism.
Evolution
77) Darwin studied the finches/adaptations in the Galapagos islands.
78) Explain the “Survival of the Fittest” theory in your own words:
Organisms most suited or most fit to their environments will survive.
79) Explain the process of how the population of Peppered Moths of England changed from light to dark during
the Industrial Revolution:
Prior to the Industrial Revolution there were more white colored moths because they blended into the
environment better than the dark colored moths. The dark moths were less abundant because their predators
could find them. After the Industrial Revolution soot covered the landscape and the white colored moths didn’t
blend in to their environment anymore so their predators could find them.
80) Most fossils are found in sedimentary rock.
81) What percentage of a radioactive sample is left after 3 half-lives? 12.5 %
82) Fill out the half-life table:
Half-Life
0
1
2
3
4
% Unstable
100%
50%
25%
12.5%
6.25%
Ecology
83) Carnivore eats only animals
84) Omnivore eats animals and plants
85) Herbivore eats only plants
86) In a food web, a producer turns the suns energy into food.
87) In a food web, a primary consumer eats the producer.
88) In a food web, a secondary consumer eats the primary consumer.
89) In a food web, a decomposer breaks down the dead things.
90) Explain the difference between a scavenger and a decomposer.
A decomposer breaks down dead organisms and returns the nutrients to the earth whereas a scavenger feeds off
the carcass of dead animals.
91) Energy levels in a food chain or energy pyramid are called trophic levels.
92) Make a food pyramid from the food chain below: Fox goes on the top, then the snake, next the mouse and
the grass is on the bottom.
93) Which organism in the above pyramid has the least available energy? fox
94) Which organism is most abundant in the above food chain? grass
95) 10 % of energy is passed along to each level in a food chain. 90% of energy that is consumed at each level.
96) A limiting factor is something that:
- limits the size of a population in an area
- causes a population to go down
Interactions among organisms:
97) Predation refers to the Predator-Prey relationship.
98) In a Predator-Prey relationship the prey is eaten by the predator.
99) Adaptations are traits that help a predator catch prey <or> help a prey avoid capture.
100) Mimicry is an adaptation where the prey looks like something that is dangerous, fierce or poisonous.
101) Symbiosis relationships are two organisms living together.
102) Mutualism is when both organisms benefit.
103) Commensalism is when one organism benefits and the other is not helped or hurt.
104) Parasitism is when one organism benefits and the other is hurt.
Biomes
105) What characteristics do scientists use to define the different biomes? Climate
106) Organism  Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere
Name the terrestrial biome:
107) Savanna Long dry and hot rainy season
108) Deciduous 4 seasons, many trees
109) Rainforest Poor soil due to the many plants quickly taking up the nutrients
110) Deciduous Rich soil due to the many decomposing leaves
111) Tundra/Taiga Soil is permafrost
112) Desert May be located anywhere; Always very dry; may be cold or hot
113) Tundra Furthest north biome
114) Rainforest Greatest diversity of plants and animals on earth
115) Taiga Largest land biome
116) Taiga Located just below the tundra
117) Deciduous Name the biome in which Georgia is located
118) Savanna & Desert & Rainforest Two biomes closest to the equator
119) Grassland & Deciduous Two mid-latitude biomes (between equator and poles)
Name the terrestrial biome:
120) Tundra Mammals with thick white fur; birds and mammals migrate in during summer; Treeless; grasses & flowers
grow only in the summer
121) Desert Roadrunners, rattlesnakes, lizards; mammals burrow during the day; Succulent plants; waxy coating on
leaves
122) Deciduous Deer, squirrels, raccoon, fox; Oak, elm and beech trees
123) Grassland Grazing herbivores such as bison and antelope; Many types of grasses
124) Savanna Elephants, zebras, giraffe, gazelles; Grasses & clumps of small trees
125) Rainforest Monkeys, sloths, toucans, snakes; Huge variety of trees; vines and plants with large leaves
126) Taiga Many animals hibernate during winter; moose, bear; Pines, fir and spruce trees
Questions about the pelagic biome:
127) Phytoplankton main producer in the Oceanic zone
128) Zooplankton animal-like plankton
129) Algae plant-like plankton
130) Intertidal plants and animals in this zone are adapted to life in and out of the water
131) Oceanic the zone beyond the continental shelf; down 200 meters
132) Estuary a mixture of fresh water and salt water
Name the fresh water biome:
133) River this biome has constantly flowing water
134) Wetlands this biome has shallow, standing water with many trees
135) Lake this biome has still, calm water that is typically deeper
136) Wetland/Bog this fresh water biome is a breeding ground for many plants and animals
137) Pond/Lake the lower layer of this biome is decaying, decomposing matter
Scientific Method
138) A new ingredient in a body cream is supposed to reduce dryness of the skin. One test subject (A) is given the
original body cream and another test subject (B) was given the body cream with the new ingredient.
A) What is the Independent Variable? Type of body cream
B) What is the Dependent Variable? Dryness of skin
C) Which test subject is the control group? The group with the original body cream
D) What question is this experiment trying to answer? Will the body cream reduce the dryness of the skin?
E) How could you make the results of the experiment more reliable? Use the same test subject for each body cream.
Use many subjects.
F) Write a hypothesis for this experiment. If the body cream with the new ingredient is used then the dryness of
skin will be reduced.
Human Body
Name the body system:
139) Integumentary/Immune Protects from pathogens, regulates body temperature and removes waste.
140) Muscular Moves the body and internal organs, produces heat.
141) Skeletal Supports the body and protects internal organs.
142) Cardiovascular Transports oxygen, food and waste products throughout the body.
143) Lymphatic Collects excess fluid and returns it to the blood, helps fight pathogens.
144) Respiratory Brings oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide and other waste.
145) Digestive Breaks down food in order to provide energy to the body.
146) Excretory Removes waste and excess material from the body and excretes it.
147) Nervous Gathers information about the internal and external environment and responds to the information
using electrical messages.
148) Endocrine Controls body processes like homeostasis, growth and development by using chemical
messages.
149) Reproductive Produces offspring
Name the 2 body systems that work together:
150) The Muscle & Skeletal systems work together to enable you to bend your arm.
151) The Cardiovascular & Digestive & Lymphatic systems work together to continuously circulate fluids
throughout the body.
152) The Lymphatic & Integumentary systems both work to protect the body from infection.
153) The Digestive & Urinary & Integumentary systems all excrete waste materials from the body.
154) The Cardiovascular & Digestive systems work together bring nutrients to all cells in the body.
155) The Respiratory & Cardiovascular systems work together to provide oxygen to every cell in your body.
156) The Respiratory & Cardiovascular systems work together to remove waste products from all cells of the
body.
157) The Nervous & Endocrine & Cardiovascular systems work together to control all functions of the body.