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Unit 6.1 Totalitarianism • • Totalitarianism – Government by a ______________r who demands absolute ______to the authority of the state – Methods used in a totalitarian state: • ______ political party • State control of the economy • Use of secret police to enforce state policy • Strict ______________ of media • Use of ___________________ • Unquestioning obedience Totalitarianism in the ___________________ (Russia) – ________________ Replaces Lenin • After the Soviet Union began experiencing serious economic problems, Lenin had begun backing away from full communism • When Lenin died suddenly in 1924, however, __________ won a power struggle to replace him as leader of the state and returned the Soviets to strict communism – Stalin’s __________________________ • In order to industrialize, Stalin set aggressive short-term quotas for _______production • Those who met their goals were rewarded, while those who fell short were harshly punished • The end result was a focus on _________ over quality, leading to the ability to manufacture large numbers of low-quality goods – Farm Collectivization • Stalin forced all farmers to _______________ their land and livestock to the state • Unhappy peasants resisted by _____________ their livestock and burning crops • Stalin responded with force, sending tens-of-thousands of peasants to _______(labor camps) in Siberia or even just having entire villages executed for treason – The ________________________ (1934-1938) • Stalin eliminated anyone whom he considered a _________to his personal power, including Communist Party officials, military leaders, and government bureaucrats • In total, over 4 million __________________” were purged through either execution or exile to the gulags – Stalin the Dictator • Stalin established the _____ (secret police force) to eliminate political dissidents • Stalin used propaganda to give his people a false impression of Soviet “successes” and Western “failures” • Stalin attacked the Russian Orthodox Church by seizing church property, destroying churches, and arresting and exiling priests • Stalin also eliminated millions of ethnic “_______________” (Jews, Muslims, etc.) – Why Did Anyone Support Stalin? • Loyal Communist Party officials received _____________ like better housing, easier access to goods • Everyone received _________ education, free medical care, free child care, and cheap housing • Women were treated as absolute __________ • • Fascism in _________________ – Post-WWI Problems • Italy was dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles because promises of ___________were not kept • War veterans found little work and a poor _______________ • Communist, socialist, and anarchist radicals plotted revolution – __________: form of totalitarianism • ______________ nationalism which glorifies the military, discipline, and loyal service to the state • Rejects democracy because of the “________________________” mindset that can lead to corruption – __________________________ (1883 – 1945) • Created the Fascist Party in 1919 with the goal of recreating the _________Empire • By 1922, he had enough political influence to coerce the king into naming him prime minister – Mussolini's ____________________ • Group of the most ____________ supporters of Mussolini • Used violent tactics • Mussolini used the Black Shirts to eliminate his rivals & critics, censor the press, & rig elections – Fascist Views on Gender Roles • Men: become ___________ for Italy (either through military service or through factory or farm production) under the Fascists’ “Believe! Obey! Fight!” motto • Women: stay _______ and have babies – women who had 14 or more children were rewarded as heroes of the state – The ______________________ • Boys were encouraged to join the Young Fascists where they were taught military discipline, the glory of ancient Rome, and how to obey without question • Young Fascists followed their official motto: “Mussolini is always _________!” Nazism in Germany – Post-WWI Problems • Germany was VERY _______________ with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which had led the country into a deep economic recession and massive debt • The new “Weimar” government was too weak to fix problems, stand up to foreign pressures, or suppress political unrest from socialists, communists, and anarchists – Economic Woes • To pay its war debts, Germany simply ___________ more money, making their currency worthless • Massive inflation caused prices to soar • The US provided aid (the Dawes Act), but then the Great Depression struck – _______________ • The National Socialist German Workers’ Party • Form of fascism that focused on __________, __________________, and the superiority of the Aryan “master race” of pure Germans – __________________ (1889 – 1945) • WWI veteran, high school dropout, and Austrian immigrant who quickly rose to leadership of the disorganized Nazi Party in 1920 • Built his power by creating squads of “______________” to spread Nazi ideals through propaganda and intimidation – The ______________ Putsch • In 1923, Hitler tried to seize power by launching a rebellion in the German city of Munich • The revolt failed and Hitler was sent to prison for treason, but ended up serving less than a year – _________________ • While in prison, Hitler wrote and published Mein Kampf (_______________) • The book laid out his personal belief in the superiority of the German race and presented arguments for the elimination of “inferior” races, especially the Jews – Hitler’s Rise to Power • Once released from prison, Hitler rebuilt the Nazi Party and carefully consolidated his power through the effective use of ________________ and his personal charisma and speaking ability • In 1933, he was elected as chancellor of ____________ – Hitler as Dictator • Once in power, Hitler suspended most civil rights, and abolished all rival political parties • Hitler established the ______________ (secret police) to root out his enemies • Hitler also began rebuilding Germany’s military, in violation of the Treaty of __________ – Nazi Purification • Changed all school curricula to reflect their ideals • Created a __________________ program similar to Italy’s • Banned modern art, jazz, and other “impure” art forms • Promoted book ______________ for blacklisted books • Closed all Catholic schools and churches and combined all Protestant sects into one state-approved church – The Nuremberg Laws • Passed in 1935 to place severe restrictions on Jews • Legally defined Jews as a “__________” rather than ___________ • Prohibited marriage or sex between Jews and non-Jews • Denied Jews protection as __________________ • Jews could not serve in government, hold jobs in law, medicine, or teaching – ___________________ • After the murder of a Nazi official by a Jew who was angry over the Nuremberg Laws, Hitler ordered the ___________ to instigate mob violence against Jewish businesses, synagogues, and neighborhoods • On the “Night of Broken Glass” (Nov. 9, 1938), 91 Jews were killed, thousands of businesses looted, and over 200 synagogues destroyed – ____________________________ • Nazis began detaining _______________ of the state, including Jews, as early as 1933 • • As Nazi power grew, more and more people were sent to the camps, with prisoners eventually numbering in the millions Militarism in Japan – Chinese Turmoil • In 1925, Chinese president Sun Yixian died and leadership of China passed to General ________________ • Chiang immediately found himself forced to deal with the growing Communist Party in China – The _____________________ (1927 – 1949) • Nationalist Chinese, led by Chiang faced off in a bloody war against the Communists, led by _________________________ • Communists won the popular support of the peasants, but Chiang controlled China’s wealth and the military – The _____________________________ • Japanese industry needed more natural resources, so elements within the military high command decided to take advantage of Chinese disorder and ___________ an attack on Japanese troops in Korea by the Chinese • This fake attack tricked the Japanese Diet (legislature) into approving military action against China – Japan Invades Manchuria • In 1931 Japan seized the Chinese province of Manchuria • By 1937, Japan had also taken the Chinese capital of _____________ • Nationalists and Communists both fought against the Japanese occupation, but found it almost impossible to root them out of Chinese territory – ____________of Nanjing • Japanese violence in China peaked in December 1937 with the slaughter of over 200,000 Chinese civilians in the city of Nanjing • The city had __________ to surrender to the Japanese, trying unsuccessfully to defend itself, thereby infuriating the Japanese High Command who then turned their troops lose to rape and pillage the city – Japan Condemned • Japan’s invasion of Manchuria was condemned by the _______________ • In response, Japan quit the League • The League’s failure to take any real action made it appear ________and ineffective – Japanese ________________ • Japan’s military pressured the Diet to pursue further expansion • After the mysterious deaths of some vocally antiwar politicians, fears grew that the military would overthrow government if they did not get what they wanted, so the Diet caved • With the military essentially in control of the government, Japan signed military alliances with _____________ & Italy