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Anatomy / Physiology Test Review September 19, 2012 Anatomical Planes Anatomical Axes Basic Movements Involving a Joint Basic Movements Involving a Joint Finding Axis and Plane Longitudinal Axis Transverse Plane Describe Position and Movement ! Anterior: front surface of the body ! Posterior: back surface of the body ! Superior: refers to structures being closer to the top of the body (excluding limbs) ! Inferior: refers to structures being closer to the lower part of the body (excluding limbs) ! Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal ! Lateral: away from the midline or mid- sagittal ! Proximal: towards the upper segment of a limb ! Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb Role of the Skeleton ! Protection ! Framework ! Attachments for muscles ! Storehouse for essential nutrients ! The body needs calcium for vital operations, such as controlling muscular contractions, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses and other utterly essential tasks ! Blood-cell formation ! Bone marrow transplants (Stem cells) Axial v. Appendicular Skeleton ! The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones: " 26 vertebral column " 1 hyoid " 22 skull " 6 auditory " 24 ribs ! The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones: " 64 upper extremity " 62 lower extremity Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones Five Types of Bones ! Long " Found in arms and legs ! Short " Found in wrists and ankles ! Flat " Bones of the skull ! Irregular " Bones of the vertebrae ! Sesamoid " Wrapped within tendons (patella) Anatomy of a Long Bone Skeletal Bones Bone Landmarks Bone Landmarks Types of Fractures Osteoporosis ! Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward " Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs " Results in a 5–0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade " Affects overall calcium levels in the body ! Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption " Leads to bone fragility " Increased susceptibility to bone fractures ! Preventative measures include: " Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle " Weight-bearing exercises " Bone density testing and medication when appropriate 3 Muscles Function ! Movement " Includes: breathing, eating, and the beating of our hearts ! Support ! Heat production There are over 600 muscles in the human body. 3 Muscles Types ! Skeletal muscles: " Voluntary, striated, and attach to bones by tendons and other tissue ! Cardiac muscles: " Involuntary, striated, and found in one place – the heart ! Smooth muscles: " Involuntary, non-striated, and surround the body’s internal organs 4 Properties of Muscle Fiber Irritability Refers to muscle responding to stimuli Contractibility Refers to muscle shortening in length Elasticity Refers to muscle stretching and returning to normal position Extensibility Refers to muscle extending in length Conductivity Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses Components of Muscle Anatomy Agonists v. Antagonist Examples Agonist (Prime Mover) Antagonist (Counteracts) Elbow flexion Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Shoulder abduction Deltoid Latissimus dorsi Medial shoulder rotation Pectoralis major Infraspinatus Knee extension Quadriceps Hamstrings Wrist flexion Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Trunk flexion Rectus abdominis Erector spinae group Hip flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus Types of Muscle Contraction ! Concentric: " Muscle fibres shorten ! Eccentric: " Muscle fibres lengthen ! Isometric: " Muscle fibres do not change in length Muscular Contractions during Exercise ! Isotonic exercise " Controlled shortening and lengthening of the muscle ! Isometric exercise " No motion – muscle fibres maintain a constant length throughout contraction ! Isokinetic exercise " Use machines to control speed of contractions " Combines best features of both isotonic and isometric training Sliding Filament Theory - know the essay to this Know major muscles and their origin and insertions Three types of joints of the body Fibrous joint Synovial joint Cartilaginous joint Characteristic of a synovial Joint 6 types of synovial joints Ball-andsocket joint Hinge joint Saddle joint Gliding joint Pivot joint Ellipsoid joint Differences in Tissue properties of tendons and ligaments ! Tendons: " Composed of collagen (bundles of white, fibrous protein) " Attach muscle to bone " Vascular ! Ligaments: " Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue " Attach bone to bone " Avascular Shoulder Joint, Knee Joint, Ankle Joint