Download Anatomical Test Review CKSS 2012

Anatomy / Physiology Test Review
September 19, 2012
Anatomical Planes
Anatomical Axes
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Basic Movements Involving a Joint
Finding Axis and Plane
Longitudinal Axis
Transverse Plane
Describe Position and Movement
!  Anterior: front surface of the body
!  Posterior: back surface of the body
!  Superior: refers to structures being closer
to the top of the body (excluding limbs)
!  Inferior: refers to structures being closer to
the lower part of the body (excluding limbs)
!  Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal
!  Lateral: away from the midline or mid-
sagittal
!  Proximal: towards the upper segment of a
limb
!  Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb
Role of the Skeleton
!  Protection
!  Framework
!  Attachments for muscles
!  Storehouse for essential nutrients
!  The body needs calcium for vital operations,
such as controlling muscular contractions, blood
clotting, transmission of nerve impulses and
other utterly essential tasks
!  Blood-cell formation
!  Bone marrow transplants (Stem cells)
Axial v. Appendicular Skeleton
!  The axial skeleton consists of 80
bones:
"  26 vertebral column
"  1 hyoid
"  22 skull
"  6 auditory
"  24 ribs
!  The appendicular skeleton consists of
126 bones:
"  64 upper extremity
"  62 lower extremity
Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones
Five Types of Bones
!  Long
"  Found in arms and legs
!  Short
"  Found in wrists and ankles
!  Flat
"  Bones of the skull
!  Irregular
"  Bones of the vertebrae
!  Sesamoid
"  Wrapped within tendons (patella)
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Skeletal Bones
Bone Landmarks
Bone Landmarks
Types of Fractures
Osteoporosis
!  Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward
"  Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs
"  Results in a 5–0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade
"  Affects overall calcium levels in the body
!  Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue)
may result from resorption
"  Leads to bone fragility
"  Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
!  Preventative measures include:
"  Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy
lifestyle
"  Weight-bearing exercises
"  Bone density testing and medication when appropriate
3 Muscles Function
!  Movement
"  Includes: breathing, eating, and
the beating of our hearts
!  Support
!  Heat production
There are over 600 muscles in the
human body.
3 Muscles Types
!  Skeletal muscles:
"  Voluntary, striated, and attach
to bones by tendons and other
tissue
!  Cardiac muscles:
"  Involuntary, striated, and
found in one place – the heart
!  Smooth muscles:
"  Involuntary, non-striated, and
surround the body’s internal
organs
4 Properties of Muscle Fiber
Irritability
Refers to muscle responding to stimuli
Contractibility
Refers to muscle shortening in length
Elasticity
Refers to muscle stretching and returning to normal
position
Extensibility
Refers to muscle extending in length
Conductivity
Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses
Components of Muscle Anatomy
Agonists v. Antagonist
Examples
Agonist (Prime Mover) Antagonist
(Counteracts)
Elbow flexion
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Shoulder abduction
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Medial shoulder
rotation
Pectoralis major
Infraspinatus
Knee extension
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Wrist flexion
Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis
Dorsi flexion
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Trunk flexion
Rectus abdominis
Erector spinae group
Hip flexion
Iliopsoas
Gluteus maximus
Types of Muscle Contraction
!  Concentric:
"  Muscle fibres shorten
!  Eccentric:
"  Muscle fibres lengthen
!  Isometric:
"  Muscle fibres do not change in
length
Muscular Contractions during Exercise
!  Isotonic exercise
"  Controlled shortening and
lengthening of the muscle
!  Isometric exercise
"  No motion – muscle fibres
maintain a constant length
throughout contraction
!  Isokinetic exercise
"  Use machines to control
speed of contractions
"  Combines best features
of both isotonic and isometric
training
Sliding Filament Theory - know the
essay to this
Know major muscles and their
origin and insertions
Three types of joints of the body
Fibrous joint
Synovial joint
Cartilaginous joint
Characteristic of a synovial Joint
6 types of synovial joints
Ball-andsocket joint
Hinge joint
Saddle joint
Gliding joint
Pivot joint
Ellipsoid joint
Differences in Tissue properties of
tendons and ligaments
!  Tendons:
"  Composed of collagen
(bundles of white, fibrous protein)
"  Attach muscle to bone
"  Vascular
!  Ligaments:
"  Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue
"  Attach bone to bone
"  Avascular
Shoulder Joint, Knee Joint, Ankle Joint