Download Classification and the Kingdoms

Classification and the
Kingdoms
Ch. 18
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Taxonomy- Field of study that deals with
classification
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Systematics- Taxonomy (classification) and
Evolution Systematics- the science of naming
and grouping organisms.
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Organizing living things
into groups that have
biological meaning
“Taxa”
Carolus Linnaeus- “Father” of Taxonomy
1730 developed Binomial Nomenclature
 (“Bi” means 2, Nomenclature
 refers to naming)
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Each organism is given a
2 part scientific name
Most names are in ________
First word is called the _____.
Second word is called the ____.
Father of Taxonomy
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Linnaeus developed a Hierarchy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Similar to the mail system:
Country
State
City
Street
Number
Hansen
Kira
King Phillip Came Over For Great
Spices.
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Kingdom: largest and most inclusive:
Animalia
Phylum: organisms that are different but
share important characteristics.
Class: orders are grouped into a class
based on characteristics
Order: closely related families are
grouped together
Family: sharing similarities among genus
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Genus: group of similar species
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Species : group of individuals capable of
interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring
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Kingdom- Animalia
Phylum- Chordata nerve cord
Class- Mammalia mammary glands/ hair
Order- Primates flattened nails, flexible
digits
Family- Hominidae upright posture
Genus- Homo large brain capacity
Species- Sapiens
Human classification
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Dichotomous Key – Taxonomic Key that
consists of 2 statements
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Many of Linnaeus’ classification systems are still used
today.
But, there are also some differences.
What are they?
1)Linnaeus only looked at similarities and differences.
2) He grouped living things into plants and animals.
3) Classification is now based on relationships, DNA
analysis, and specific characters in organisms.
Modern classification systems look beyond simple
similarities and differences and look at evolutionary
relationships.
Linnaeus VS. Today
Phylogeny- Evolutionary history of
Lineages.
Grouping organisms into larger categories
that reflect evolutionary lines of descent
rather than simple characteristics
Modern Evolutionary Classification
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Clades: groups of species that include a
single common ancestor and all
descendants of that ancestor – LIVING
AND EXTINCT
This is a cladogram!
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Derived characteristics are used to
designate differences
What are They?
 Traits that arise in the most recent
common ancestor of a particular lineage
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Let’s look at Pg. 517 in book
Cladograms
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The more derived characters two
species share, the more recently they
shared a common ancestor and the more
closely related they are in evolutionary
terms.
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Comparing DNA can now be used to
determine relationships among
organisms.
Using DNA to Classify
6 Kingdom system of classification is used
today
1) Archaebacteria
2) Eubacteria
3) Protista
4) Fungi
5) Plantae
6) Animalia
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Kingdom Monera was separated into two
kingdoms: Kingdoms Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria.
1.Archaebacteria- live in extreme
conditions
 “Ancient Bacteria”
 Believed to be the first life forms found on
earth
 Ex: Thermophiles, halophiles
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2. Eubacteria- standard forms of bacteria
(Stapholococcus, E. Coli, etc.)
 Some cause disease but most are
harmless or beneficial
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3. Protista- Most diverse group and
difficult to classify
4. Fungi- Decomposers
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5. Plantae- Photosynthetic autotrophs
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6. Animalia- no cell walls
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New classification systems are DOMAINS.
Three domains
1) Bacteria ( all eubacteria)
2) Archae (archaebacteria)
3) Eukarya (includes all eukaryotes)
Domain- Kingdom-Phylum-ClassOrder- Family- Genus-Species