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EOC Study Guide
1.
What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have chloroplasts, large vacuoles, and a cell
wall while animal cells have centrioles that plant cells don’t.
2.
How do they look? Plant cells are square-ish while animal
cells are roundish.
3.
What is the function of the plasma membrane? to let some
materials in and keep others out – (semi-permeable)
4.
How does it look in a cell? Draw it
5.
What is the function of a vacuole? Store
nutrients/materials/wastes for the cell
6.
Can you find it in a cell?
7.
What is the function of a ribosome? to make (synthesis)
proteins
8.
What are examples of proteins? enzymes, hormones,
insulin, and hemoglobin
9.
Gametes are the productions of which type of
reproduction? sexual reproduction (meiosis)
10.
Put the phases in order from start to finish. c, b, e, a, d
11.
Why do muscle cells in athletes have more mitochondria
than non-athletes? athletes need more energy than nonathletes since mitochondria makes energy, they have more
12.
What are the four organic molecules and their subunits
(building blocks, monomers): proteins – amino acids, carbs
– glucose (monosacchride), lipids – tri-glycerides (3 fatty
acids + 1 glycerol), nucleic acids - nucleotides
13.
Excess Glucose is stored as what in plants? cellulose or
starch
14.
In animals? glycogen
15.
What are examples of carbohydrates? sugar and starch
16.
Give examples of polysaccharides. table sugar, dextrose,
sucrose
17.
What is budding in reproduction? unequal dividing of a
cell’s cytoplasm into two cells
18.
Asexual or sexual? sexual
19.
What is mitosis and explain characteristics? a process of
cellular division where one cell divides into two identical
cells (pairs of homologous chromosomes)
20.
Skin cell is mitotic/meiotic? mitotic
21.
What is meiosis and explain characteristics? a process of
cellular division where one cell divides into four genetically
different cells (sister chromatids)
22.
What is crossing over? exchange of the tips of
chromosomes genetic material during meiosis
23.
What is the result? genetic variation and diversity
24.
Mutations occur in what type of cells? gametes (sex cells)
25.
What is mRNA ? messenger RiboNucleic Acid
26.
What is tRNA? transfer RiboNucleic Acid
27.
What does mRNA do? takes the coded message from the
nucleus to the ribosome through the cytoplasm
28.
What does tRNA do? takes the specific coded amino acid
to the ribosome and docks with the codon on mRNA
29.
What nitrogen base is NOT found in RNA Thymine (T)
30.
Draw a picture of protein synthesis. Include amino acid,
ribosome, tRNA, mRNA, etc.
YOU NEED TO DRAW THIS
31.
The mRNA codon is UGC, what is the tRNA anti-codon?
ACG
32.
If a mRNA codon is AUC, what is the DNA section? TAG
33.
Where does replication, transcription and translation occur
in the cell? Transcription – nucleus Translation in the
cytoplasm at the ribosomes (remember-DNA never leaves
the nucleus so the code is transcribed from DNA into
mRNA, mRNA then leaves the cell nucleus to go to the
ribosome in the cytoplasm)
34.
The ribosome is involved which one: replication,
transcription, or translation? Translation
35.
What is taken to the ribosome? the code to make a protein
36.
What are homologous chromosomes? chromosomes that
are the same – only in mitosis
37.
Are they found in gametes? no not found in gametes
38.
What is a mutation? A change is what? BE SPECIFIC!!!!
(hint: gene) a change in the nitrogen bases of DNA
39.
What is a test cross? crossing an unknown genotype with
a known genotype to determine whether or not the original
is pure, true breeding homozygous (HH) or hybrid
heterozygous (Hh)
40.
Show and explain an example of a test cross.
R
R
r
R
r
rRr
Rr
rr
Rr
r
rRr
Rr
rr
Rr
If I am have a red rose and red is dominate to white and I need to
know if the rose is pure bred or hybrid I can do a test cross. If I
cross the red unknown genotype (RR or Rr) with the known
genotype (rr)If the offspring of the cross show only one color then
the original was pure bred, homozygous, if the offspring show half
and half, then the original was hybrid or heterozygous.
41.
What is the purpose of a test cross? to find the genotype of
an organism trait that is complete dominance
42.
What is independent assortment? Chromosomes sort out
independently of each other
43.
How can this be used to explain how offspring have
different combinations of traits? Traits on single
chromosomes formed during meiosis form different
combinations when egg and sperm come together during
fertilization
44.
What are the alleles for ABO blood? IA, IB, iO
45.
What type of inheritance is this? codominance
46.
What are the genotypes for all blood types? A= IA IA, IA, iO
B= IB IB, IB, iO
AB IA IB,
O= iO iO
47.
What alleles are codominant? IA IB,
48.
What is a monohybrid cross? a cross of parents using only
one trait (even though there are two forms of the trait
(gene) – EX. red and white color of the petals)
49.
If red is dominant (R) and white is recessive (r), show the
cross between a homozygous white and a heterozygous
r
50.
R
r
Rr
Rr
r
Rr
rr
What is a sex-linked trait? A gene (trait) located on the sex
chromosomes
51.
Give examples and explain. hemophilia, male patterned
baldness – gene for the trait is located on the X
chromosome
52.
Is the allele for the examples carried on the X chromosome
or Y chromosome?
53.
Is the example dominant or recessive? hemophilia is
recessive, male patterned baldness recessive
54.
What is a pedigree? a diagram that can determine a trait
throughout several generations
55.
How can you use a pedigree to see inheritance of traits?
Males have a square, females a circle, if the square or
circle is completely filled in, that individual is affected with
the trait, on some pedigrees-if half the circle or square
colored in represents a carrier. Remember, sex linked
traits can not have males as carriers but the other
autosomes (chromosomes not sex chromosomes) can.
Can determine genotype of individuals in several instances
and whether or not it is a recessive or dominate trait
56.
What is recombinant DNA? DNA from a foreign source
combined with the original DNA creating a recombined
DNA in the original organism
57.
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
58.
Draw a picture to illustrate how recombinant DNA is
formed.
59.
What is genetic engineering? also called genetic
modification, is the direct human manipulation of an
organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It
involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into
the organism of interest. Producing a product
60.
Does this involve natural reproduction? no
61.
Give examples genetic engineering. Human insulin,
human growth hormone, golden rice, spider silk
62.
Define cloning. Cloning is the creation of an organism that
is an exact genetic copy of another.
63.
Does cloning result in genetically identical offspring or
genetically different offspring? the same
64.
Will the clones be the same or different sex? same sex
65.
Why haven’t scientists cloned humans? It is not ethical
66.
What are some concerns and ethical issues about
genomics and biotechnology. Would a clone have rights?
Could an insurance company deny insurance to specific
people based on their DNA? Who has rights to the clone?
If a company spends money on creating a clone does it
have the rights to that clone? Is it ok to take stem cells from
aborted babies?
67.
What is transformation? The genetic alteration of a cell
resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression
of other genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surrounding
and taken up through the cell membrane(s) transforming
68.
69.
that organism.
What are the steps of transformation? See #58. In addition,
bacteria and viruses are used for transformation. Some
organisms can naturally take in foreign DNA
What is the hierarchy of cell organization? organelles to
cells to tissue to organs to organ systems, organism
70.
Are all cells different or alike? cell may be different (brain
cells, skin cells etc.)
71.
Do the cells work together or independently? all cells work
together
72.
Define prokaryote and eukaryote. prokaryote – usually
single celled, usually anaerobic, no membrane bound
organelles (no nucleus) eukaryotes-usually multi-celled,
anaerobic and aerobic, contains membrane bound
organelles (mitochondria, ribosome, ER, chloroplasts,
vacuole)
73.
Give examples of each. Prokaryote – bacteria (yeast)
Eukaryote (EU –pronounced -you) humans, plants,
animals, fungus
74.
What is the difference between the examples for
eukaryote? Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles
75.
What is the central dogma of biology? DNA to RNA to a
Protein
76.
Explain each step. DNA codes for a specific gene by
creating mRNA from that portion of DNA (transcription).
mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes through the
cytoplasm to the ribosome. The ribosome clamps onto the
mRNA at the first codon and tRNA brings that specific
amino acid based on the codon to the ribosome. tRNA
docks with mRNA based on complementary base pairing
(A-U
C-G) anti-codon to codon. tRNA leaves its specific
amino acid at the ribosome as peptide bonds are formed
between amino acids left in the specific order
predetermined by the DNA code (translation).
Mitosis: Fill in each block with CORRECT answer
77.
Parent (diploid
Diploid
or haploid)
(di=2,
double)
78.
Offspring
Diploid
(diploid or
haploid)
79.
Chromosome
2n
number in
offspring
80.
Identical/geneti Identical
cally different
than parent
81.
Types of cells
Body
produced
cells (skin
brain)
82.
Purpose
Growth
and
tissue
repair
83.
Asexual /
Asexual
Sexual
Meiosis: Fill in each block with CORRECT answer
84.
Parent (diploid
Diploid
or haploid)
85.
Offspring
Haploid
(diploid or
(half)
haploid)
86.
Chromosome
n
number in
offspring
87.
88.
Identical/geneti Different
cally different
geneticall
than parent
y
Types of cells
Gametes,
produced
sex cells,
egg,
sperm
89.
Purpose
Geneticall
y variable
cells
90.
Asexual /
Sexual
Sexual
91.
What type of cell division does prokaryotic cells undergo?
mitosis, asexual, either binary fission or budding
92.
What about Eukaryote cells? mitosis and meiosis
93.
What happens differently in cell division with plants and
animals? a cell plate is formed in plant cells
94.
Who is Lamarck? Created a theory explaining why there
are some many different adaptations in organisms
95.
What is his theory? Theory of Use and disuse –if you use
it, it will be passed on if not it won’t
96.
Give an example. If a person acquires large muscles
through lifting weights, his or her offspring will have large
muscles when they are born.
97.
Is his theory considered correct? no
98.
What is evolution? Basically small changes over long
periods of time. Natural Selection is a driving force that
moves evolution based on the principle that there is
variation (due to mutations and sexual reproduction) within
a species population and a specific environment gives
advantage to one organism over another of the same
species. The one organism with the advantage will be
more likely to survive and pass on its genes to their
offspring, thus the advantageous trait will become more
prevalent in the population.
99.
Explain the concept of common ancestor. Due to the
evidences of evolution (see question 219), if we have a trait
in common with other organisms, we had a common
ancestor somewhere in previous time.
100.
What has greatest effect on the rate of evolution?
Environment
101.
Which scientist is credited with the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
102.
Who are Stanley Miller and Urey? They created an
experiment that proved with the gases from early earth,
amino acids (organic compounds) could be created.
103.
Explain their experiment. Used methane, hydrogen, water
vapor, ammonia, hydrochloric acid and put electricity
through it and organic compounds and amino acids were
created.
104.
What did they attempt to do, what was important about
their experiment? creating organic from inorganic
compounds
105.
Name the seven level hierarchy system (categories of
classification). Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family
genus, species
106.
Which is most general? kingdom
107.
Which is most specific? species
108.
How many kingdoms are there (most acceptable right
now)? five
109.
Who is Linnaeus? Created the binomial nomenclature (2
name naming system) are the genes and species of an
organism (scientific name)
110.
What is he credited with creating (name of)? binomial
nomenclature
111.
How is this used today? (hint it is in the non common
name) scientific name
112.
What happens to the image of specimen when it is
changed from low to high? less of the object is seen but in
greater detail
113.
What is important about the structure of a Protein? shape –
makes it specific to its substrate
114.
These are to be worn in the lab to protect what
eyes
115.
.
List in order (the format )for a formal lab report. Title,
purpose, hypothesis, procedure (materials and steps),
data, conclusion
116.
Proteins are composed of __amino_
bonded together by
117.
__acids__
_____peptide__ bonds.
In the lab, we added 3 drops of Biuret’s solution to a
mystery food. The indicator turned from deep blue to
violet. What macromolecule was present? protein
118.
In the lab we added 3 drops of Benedict’s solution to a
mystery food. The indicator turned from blue to yellow.
What macromolecule and example was present? carbs sugar
119.
In the lab, we viewed specimens under a microscope
through a 10X eyepiece and a 40X objective. What was
our magnification? 400x
120.
121.
Who saw the first bacteria (little beasties)? Leeuwenhoek
I store water and aid in digestion. I am larger in the plant
cell than in the animal cell-who am I? vacuole
122.
Why am I larger in a plant cell? plants can’t move must
have larger storage
123.
I surround the cell and am made up of a phospholipids
bilayer and proteins- who am I? cell membrane
124.
What does it mean to be selectively permeable? lets some
in keeps others out
125.
Explain the term Fluid Mosaic Model. liquid acting but
made up of many parts
126.
I absorb sunlight in the plant cell and I am the location of
photosynthesis- who
127.
am I? chloroplasts
I am a protective barrier surrounding the plant cell and I am
made of cellulose-who am I? cell wall
128.
Give an example of geographical isolation. river, island,
canyon, mountain
129.
“Survival of the Fittest” best describes which theory?
Evolution
130.
Put the following in order of there appearance on Earth:
First Anaerobic heterotrophs
131.
Second Aerobic autotrophs
What did Alexander Oparin hypothesize? Life started in the
oceans
132.
Describe the conditions on early Earth? hot, can’t support
life, gases
133.
Put the following events in order of their appearance on
Earth: Second 1st cell developed
sixth organisms used
photosynthesis First complex organic molecules form fifth
eukaryotic Fourth prokaryotes appear Third organisms use
chemosynthesis (making chemicals)
134.
Based on the biochemical evidence, which two organisms
are more closely related? human and chimpanzee
Organism
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Human
Gly
Ala
Leu
Horse
Leu
His
His
Chimpanzee
Gly
Ala
Leu
135.
Compare biogenesis vs. spontaneous generation. (include
the scientist names that proved or disproved these ideas)
biogenesis – life creation: Pasteur (s-shaped flask) Redi
(maggots on meat) proved biogenesis spontaneous
generation –life from non-living material –disproved by Redi
and Pasteur
136.
Define taxonomy study of classification of organisms
137.
What is a cladogram? See question 219
138.
Explain the purpose of a dichotomous key. Using only two
ways to categorize organisms’ adaptations, a dichotomous
key will lead you through specific questions based only on
two categories at a time, eventually you will be able to
identify the organism.
139.
Under the category of Bryophytes, what anchoring
structure do mosses have instead of roots? rhizoids
140.
Why are mosses usually restricted to moist habitats? must
live in moist due to lack of vascular tissue to transport
water long distances
141.
What is the first generation produced in mosses?
gametophyte
142.
What is the second generation produced in mosses?
sporophyte
143.
Under the category of Ferns, what do ferns have instead of
seeds? spores
144.
What is the gametophyte stage of a fern called?
alternation of generations
145.
What are three examples of gymnosperms? cycads, pine
trees, gingko
146.
What makes a gymnosperm a gymnosperm? modified
leaves that have a cuticle (needles) to reduce evaporation,
most are evergreen, dry climate
147.
In pine trees which is larger, the male or female cones?
female cones
148.
What adaptation allowed plants to make the move to life on
land? seeds
149.
Under the category of Angiosperms
Angiosperms are
__flowering___ plants.
150.
Where are angiosperm seeds found? within fruit
151.
What process must angiosperms go through before they
can reproduce? pollination
152.
Give three examples of angiosperms. roses, apple trees,
dogwood
153.
How many seed leaves do monocots start with? one
154.
How many seed leaves do dicots start with? two
155.
Angiosperms get their name because the ___seeds__ are
produced inside a _fruit___________.
156.
Angiosperms are vascular plants with xylem and phloem.
These are tube or straw like parts in most plants.
157.
In which direction does xylem flow? up, xylem brings
water and nutrients up to the leaves
158.
In which direction does phloem flow? down, phloem flows
down bringing water to the roots
159.
How can a plant control the amount of carbon dioxide it
takes in and the amount of water it loses? the stomata
160.
Animals and plants have evolved together, with animals
acting as pollinators for plants. List two examples of this
type of coevolution. The bee and the flower, the
hummingbird and the flower, the bat and the flower
161.
Which type of organism has a 4 chambered heart?
mammals
162.
Which type of organism has a 3 chambered heart?
amphibians
163.
Which type of organism has a 2 chambered heart? annelid
worms – earth worm
164.
Which group, plant or animals, have Hormones, Auxin,
Gibberellins, and Cytokinins? Plants
165.
Which group of organisms (2) breath through their skin?
amphibians and worms
166.
I move with legs, and my kidney removes gases. I have a
brain and use my nervous system to communicate. I
breathe through my skin and through the lining in my
mouth. As adults, we are carnivores and sexually
reproduce. I am looking for a female to reproduce with.
One of us will have to stay with the eggs to ensure their
safety, this means I need a very kind and focused female. I
have a bi-life, one in water and one on land. What type of
organism am I? Amphibian
167.
If a cell is placed in an environment where salt is 94%,
what will happen to the cell? The cell will shrink
168.
Why? b/c there is more water inside the cell than outside
so the water will move out from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
169.
If we deal with the water entering or leaving a cell by
passive transport, what word is this definition for? osmosis
170.
If a cell is placed in an environment where salt is 94%, and
water entered the cell, would this be passive or active
transport? Active transport b/c water is moving from an
area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Opposite of passive
171.
Does this need energy? yes energy is required
172.
When thinking about the energy pyramid, what happens to
the amount of energy as you go up the pyramid? less
energy available (10% decrease between each level of
available energy
173.
What about the amount of organisms? Same, less number
of organisms as you go up the pyramid
174.
175.
What about the biomass? Same, less mass of organisms as you
go up the pyramid
What are the producers in this picture? leaves, leaves and
berries
Food Web
Food
Chain
176.
What are the autotrophic organisms? Leaves, leaves and
berries: they make their own food
177.
What are the primary consumers in the picture above?
Squirrel, grasshopper, mouse, rabbit (total of 4 arrows
coming off of the producers showing what is eating the
producers)
178.
What does it mean to be heterotrophic? can’t make your
own food, must get it from environment
179.
Which organism is an omnivore in the picture above?
Mouse
180.
Which organisms are secondary consumers in the picture
above? fox, frog, mouse, and snake
181.
Which organisms are missing from the web in the picture
above? Decomposers (usually bacteria)
182.
What is the difference between a food chain and food web?
a chain doesn’t show all the relationships (see question
178)
183.
Who came up with the term cell? Robert Hooke
184.
Who is the father of genetics? Mendel
185.
What organism did he work with to determine the complete
inheritance pattern? Pea Plants
186.
Which three scientists discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick, and R. Franklin
187.
Who used the microscope to see the “little beasties”?
Leeuwenhoek
188.
What biological theory did Pasture and Redi prove? Theory
of biogenesis
189.
What biological theory did they disprove? Spontaneous
Generation (living things can come from non-living
material)
190.
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
(REACTANTS – left of the arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) +
water (H2O) + sunlight (aka solar or radiant) 
(PRODUCTS- right side of arrow) oxygen (O) + glucose
(C6H12O6)+ water (H20) (Remember this is stored energy
in the bonds of the glucose)
191.
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
(REACTANTS – left of the arrow) oxygen (O) + glucose
(C6H12O6)+ water (H20)  (PRODUCTS- right side of
arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O)+ 36 ATPs
(Remember this is released energy)
192.
Which process is anaerobic? Fermentation (REACTANTS
– left of the arrow) glucose (C6H12O6)+ water (H20) 
(PRODUCTS- right side of arrow) carbon dioxide (CO2) +
water (H2O) +2ATPs (Remember this is released energy)
Remember this is with OUT oxygen
193.
Which process is aerobic? Cellular respiration
194.
Which human aliment is responsible for muscle fatigue?
Lactic acid fermentation
195.
Yeast produces what through fermentation? Alcohol
196.
Which two processes drive the carbon cycle?
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
197.
Which process produces the most energy? cellular
respiration
198.
How much energy is produced through the previous
process? 36 ATPs
199.
What is that energy called? Adenosine (A) Tri- (T)
Phosphate (P)
200.
What are the two differences between cellular respiration
and fermentation? cellular respiration requires oxygen and
produces 36 ATPS while fermentation (alcoholic and lactic
acid) do not require oxygen and only produce 2 ATPs
201.
Where does cellular respiration get the components to
produce it's energy? Photosynthesis
202.
What are the three things that affect the rate of enzyme
reaction? Concentration (either enzyme or substrate), pH,
and temperature Remember, enzyme does not get used up or
change, the substrate does.
203.
What is a learned behavior? A way of acting that is taught
or acquired through experience
204.
Give 3 examples. habituation, classical conditioning, trial
and error
205.
What is an innate behavior? a way of acting based on
inherited traits
206.
Give 3 examples. migration, taxis, hibernation, estivation,
instincts
207.
What is a social behavior? a way of acting directed towards
society, or taking place between, members of the same
species
208.
Give 3 examples. communication, territory defense,
courtship
209.
What happens to the plant and animal cell during the final
stage of cell division? cytokinesis
210.
This process above is: __cellular division______________
and takes place in the
211.
______nucleus_________, specifically on the chromosomes.
212.
Central dogma of biology: DNA--> __RNA__ -->
__Protein___.
213.
A Mutation is:__a change in the nitrogenous base
sequence/s on the DNA_________.
214.
This may ultimately change the sequence of _amino_
__acids________ that code for a protein.
215.
Explain Lamarck's theory of use and disuse. If you use it, it
will be passed on to your offspring if not it won’t.
216.
Explain below in complete sentences, evolution using the
words: Charles Darwin, Natural Selection, adaptations, as
evidenced by homologous structures, relative dating,
carbon dating, DNA (biochemical evidence), fossils, and
claudograms /phylogenic tree. This will be worth 20 points.
Charles Darwin was the father of Evolution. He stated that
the natural selection process is based on variations with in
a species. Those traits that give one organism an
advantage over the others of the species (longer neck to
reach leaves higher in the trees) will be more likely to
survive and pass those specific traits onto their offspring.
These variations are caused by mutations, crossing over,
sexual reproduction and especially environment.
Charles Darwin compared homologous structures
especially with the Galapagos island finches in order to
come up with his theory. Today we have other evidences
to support evolution. These include relative dating where
scientists approximate fossil age based on the layer they
are found in. Fossils found closer to the bottom are older
(the layer was laid down first) than the ones found near the
top (layers formed after). Carbon dating on the other hand,
is used as evidence for fossil age based on the amount of
carbon left in a fossil (half life of carbon).
Biochemical evidence is DNA type evidence. This would
include DNA fingerprinting, specific markers within the
DNA, molecular evidence (how many A, T, C, and Gs two
species of organism have in common). Remember, the A,
T, C, and Gs code for specific amino acids.
Vestigial structures are organs or parts that organisms
have but don’t use anymore like the appendix showing,
scientists believe, that we shared a common ancestor.
Embryology is another form of evidence for evolution. The
fact that at specific times during early development many
organisms look the same is the bases for embryology.
Remember the picture of the fetuses (babies) where the
pig, human, chicken, rabbit etc. looked very much the
same; this is the evidence scientists have.
Claudigram and phylogenic trees show evolutionary
relationships. They show how organisms’ structure or
classification relates to each other.
Claudigram – more like a line or chain
Phylogenic tree – more like a web
217. Which of the following statements is not part of the cell
theory?
a. all organism are made of cells
unit of life
b. the cell is the basic
c. all organisms reproduce sexually
d. all cells
come from pre-existing cells
218. Cells fall into two main categories (eukaryotic or
prokaryotic) depending on whether they
a. contain DNA
nucleus
b. have ribosomes
c. have a
d. have cell membrane
219. A student observes a cell under a microscope and
determines that it is a prokaryote. What did the student probably
observe?
a. a cell that has a nucleus
c. a cell that has DNA
b. a cell that lacks a nucleus
d. a cell that lacks a cell wall
PRIMARY DIFFFERENCE IN CELL DIVISION OF A PLANT
AND ANIMAL CELL IS THAT
220. Animal cells _________Pinch _________________apart
(cleavage furrow)
221. Plant cells form a -------Cell _______ Plate________
222. What three factors affect the rate of enzyme reaction? 1.
__pH _____
2. ____temperature____ 3. ___concentration (or
enzyme or substrate)_____
223. Enzymes are SPECIFIC, they end with ___-ase____ and
are responsible for breaking down and speeding up (catalysts)
reactions for substrates or sugars which end with ____ -ose
______. What organic molecules are considered sugars
____carbohydrates______
224. pH is a number scale identifying acids and bases. a. 1 to
6.9 are ____ acids-______ b. 7.1 to 14 are _____ bases_____.
225. Plants are also known as
a. ___producers____ and b.
____autotrophs_______.
226. Cellular respiration (also known as ____aerobic_____
respiration (hint: with oxygen) produces ____36____ATPs (ATP
is adenosine triphosphate-which is ______potential ____energy at
the cellular level – AKA unit if measure of released energy).
227. O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O → CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
______Cellular Respiration_________
228. Cellular Respiration occurs in which organelle?
____mitochondria_________(both plants_in seeds_and animals
(humans) use cellular respiration)
229. Fermentation (also known as)
____anaerobic_______respiration (hint: withOUT oxygen) have
two types:
1. ___alcoholic fermentation____ where alcohol, CO2 and 2
ATPs are produced ______ (by yeast or bacteria )
2. ___lactic acid fermentation____where lactic acid, CO2 and 2
ATPs are produced _____ (in muscles – cramps or sore)
230. Fermentation produces ___2 ATP_______
231. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria. This is
an energy storing process. This process uses energy from the
________sun_____(solar) to produce food for the plant in the form
of _____glucose______. Humans eat plants to transform this
food into the energy source for cellular respiration in the form of
____ATP______..
232. The process of photosynthesis takes place in what
organelle? _____chloroplasts________.
233. CO2 +H2O + SUN → O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O
______photosynthesis______________
234. Homeostasis is responsible for regulating the body'''''''''s 1.
___pH_____ 2. __temperature____3. _____water balance____ 4.
___glucose levels____
235. What part of the cell is responsible for maintaining
homeostasis? _______cell/plasma membrane_______
236. Compare/Contrast
Passive transport
b. with out energy
Active Transport
b. with energy (ATP)
c. with concentration gradient
c. against concentration
gradient
(from high concentration to low) (from low concentration to
high)
d. examples – osmosis, diffusion
d. examples- active
transport
facilitated diffusion
237. SALT does what to water? Salt sucks – (why you are
thirsty after eating chips or fries)
238. As you move up the biomass, numbers or energy pyramid,
____biomass, numbers and energy decreases_______
239. List the tropic levels of the biomass, energy, and numbers
pyramid from the bottom to the top
___produces___ ____primary consumers(1st
order)______secondary consumer's (2nd order)_______ and
tertiary consumers (3rd order)
herbivores -only eat plants carnivores – only eat meat
omnivores – eat both
240. biotic factors – living parts of an ecosystem -bacteria,
plants, animals
241. abiotic factors-nonliving parts of an ecosystem – climate,
weather, rocks, temperature etc.
population → community → ecosystem (includes the
different biomes) → biosphere
242. People that must restrict their diet of protein (more
specifically the amino acid Phenylalanine) have what genetic
disease? ____PKU_____
243. Genetic disease that affect the shape of red blood cells?
____sickle cell anemia_________
244. Passive immunity __immunity the body's acquires with out
immune system response ____from mother to child____and antivenom______
245. Active immunity___immunity the body actually has to go
through the immune system response
_______vaccinations______________
b-cells create antibodies that block antigens and t-cells that
create killer cells that kill pathogens (bacteria or viruses)-both b-
cells and t-cells have memory cells that allow the body to
respond quicker so you will not get sick a second time with that
specific pathogen_______
246. Remember Labs
toothpickase –
what affected the rate (how fast) your hands (toothpickase)
broke the substrate (toothpicks) – temperature, concentration but
remember pH also affects rate of enzyme action
High to low activity
(Carbon dioxide (CO2) production) -high activity greater
CO2 production (more drops needed to change it back)-blowing into
the straws into the bromothymol blue changing color from a blue color
to a green or even a yellowish color. Remember Seeds (PLANTS) do
cellular respiration as well as photosynthesis
Liquid lunch (who stole the ipod or microscope)
Biuret's turn from blue to violet in the presence of protein
Benedict’s turns from a blue anywhere to olive green or
orange to brick red in the presence of simple sugar
Iodine turns from a amber to blue black in the presence of
starch
Brown paper bag has a translucent spot in the presence
of lipids (fats)
Energy in food (burned walnuts, almonds, and marshmallows
lipids contain the most calories per gram at 9cal/gram –
twice as much as the other macromolecules
Microscope /cells types labs
onion root tip cells are plant cells stained with iodine
cheek cells are animal cells stained with methylene blue
can see cell wall and chloroplasts, and nucleus in plants
can see plasma membrane and nucleus in animals
Strawberry DNA lab
can extract DNA from any living cells – snot on a stick
shampoo removes oil from our hair by breaking the
plasma (cellular) membrane-remember the plasma membrane is
made up mostly of a phospholipid bi-layer thus the shampoo breaks
down the lipids in the cell membrane allowing us to get to the nucleus
The salt brought out the DNA (precipitate out)
Who gives a hoot
there are limiting factors in populations – natural resources like
food, water, space to live
dynamics of group (number and type) of families or groups of
organisms affect population numbers
pesticides that human use affect other organisms and thus affect
populations
deforestation is a factor in population of organisms as trees and
plants give us oxygen and take CO2 out of the atmosphere