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DATASHEET FOR CABI INVASIVE SPECIES COMPENDIUM INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES – EXAMPLE This form should be completed electronically, but please save the text sections followed by all references (for text and tables) in a separate file. A checklist of the text sections and suggested subheadings is repeated at the end of this form. See Instructions to Authors for further information. Please note that we hope to include a number of case studies to illustrate location-specific information, on impact and management for example. If you feel you have more details than seem appropriate for a particular section of this datasheet, we would be pleased to hear from you - please see the note on Case Studies at the end of this document. The template is divided into 6 sections: 1. IDENTITY SECTION, 2. DISTRIBUTION SECTION, 3. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY SECTION, 4. IMPACTS SECTION, 5. MANAGEMENT SECTION, 6. FURTHER INFORMATION SECTION. The Compendium is intended for worldwide use. Please consider this when writing datasheets. 1. IDENTITY SECTION SPECIES (or group) SCIENTIFIC NAME Ziziphus mauritiana AUTHOR (taxonomic authority, date) Lam. Taxonomic groups (irrelevant groups may be left blank). CLASS: SUPERFAMILY: ORDER: FAMILY: Rhamnaceae SUBORDER: SUBFAMILY: NON-PREFERRED SCIENTIFIC NAMES Zizyphus mauritiana Ziziphus mauritania Rhamnus jujuba Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus jujube Ziziphus tomentosa Ziziphus rotundata Ziziphus aucheri Ziziphus insularis Ziziphus sonoria Ziziphus orthocantha AUTHOR (taxonomic authority) nom. illeg. nom. illeg. L. (L.) Gaertn., nom. illeg. (L.) Lam. Poir. D.C. Boiss. Smith Roem. And Schult. D.C. OTHER NAMES Specify internationally used common names in one of the six International Languages accepted by the UN: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian or Spanish. For other common names, specify country/region in which used with the language in parentheses. Only include common names actually in use in the original language (do not translate here), and transliterate names from non-Roman alphabets (e.g. Chinese, Cyrillic). Please add extra rows: the names are useful for searching. Please mark the most globally recognized common name with and an asterisk (*). INTERNATIONALLY USED COMMON NAME/S INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE jujube, desert apple, Indian plum, Indian cherry, Chinese date, jujube, Indian jujube, Indian date, Chinese jujube, Chinese fig, cottony jujube, Malay jujube English jujubier, datte chinoise French azufaifo, yuyuba Spanish OTHER COMMON NAMES COUNTRY (add language if necessary) (use defined areas listed under ‘Distribution’) tzintzola Plant template Greece 1 Indischer Jujubenstrauch, Filzblättrige Jujube Germany guiggiolo Italy jujubeira, maciera Portugal zimbrão (crioulu) Cape Verde abateria, gaba-artigie, gewa-ortigi (Tigre) Ethiopia mkunazi (Kiswahili), ekalati (Turkana), olongo (Luo), tolumuro (Pokot) Kenya masawo (Chewa), msondoka (Yao) Malawi domo, ntomono, surgo ntomono, tomboro, tomonou (Bambara), mgaria (Haussa) Mali dem, dim, sedem (Wolof) djabie, djabi, tabi, n’giobi (Peulh) Senegal gob, bheb, jujube, nabk (Arabic) Somalia sir nabk (Arabic), nabbag elfil Sudan mkunazi (Kiswahili) Tanzania esilang (Karamajong) Uganda masau (Nyanja), musawce (Tonga) akasongole (Bemba) Zambia masua, yanja, musawu (Shona, Tangu) Zimbabwe berra (Pashto) Afghanistan bozoi, kool, kul Bangladesh widara, dara, bidara Indonesia ber, beri (Hindi), boguri, boroi, khati, berii, etachi, jelachi, elangi, yelchi, cherumali, ilamda, bhor, borkuli, boro-koli, beri, badari, dadara, elandai, regureni, ganga reni, elantha, reegu, kool, ajapriya, karkandhu, kuvala, madhuvaphala, elladu, karak-andhova, yellande India putrea Cambodia hong tsao, lang tsao, ta tsao, tsao tsao China sanebuto-natsume (Japanese) Japan kanar, kunar, nabik Iran aunnaberhindi, nabig, sidr Iraq than Laos yellande, ilanda, mahadebara, masaka (Sinhalese) Sri Lanka zee-pen, eng-si, zizidaw, ziben, zi Myanmar bidara, jujub, epal siam Malaysia baer (Nepalese) Nepal Plant template 2 manzanita Philippines jujube, ker, ber (Urdu), ber, berwarter, kunar (Baluchi) Pakistan phutsa, ma tan, ma thong, putsa, man tan Thailand tao, tao nhuc, c[aa]y t[as]o ta Vietnam dunk, mangustine Barbados perita haitiana Dominican Republic coolie plum, crabapple Jamaica aprin, yuyubi Puerto Rico dunks Trinidad and Tobago pomme malcadi, pomme surette, petit pomme, liane croc chien, gingeolier, dindoulier (French) Guadeloup/Martinique Venezuela ponsigne, yuyubo Chinese apple, chinee apple Australia Baer, baher, bahir Fiji NOTES ON TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE (text section) Include nomenclatural history, noting any recent taxonomic revisions, related species and races, cultivars, hybrids and varieties, etc. Include here English translations of common names and their origin if of interest. SUMMARY OF INVASIVENESS (text section; guide max. 150 words) Please provide a brief description of the species and summarize why it is considered to be invasive, where it occurs and when it was first recorded as invasive, please also provide details of the characteristics that indicate its invasiveness, e.g. ease of spread, establishment and impacts. State whether the species is on an alert list (e.g. IUCN, ISSG) or listed as a regulated pest etc. Consider only major introductions of ecological or economic importance. 2. DISTRIBUTION SECTION DISTRIBUTION (table) Current Distribution: (P) present, no further details; (W) widespread; (L) localized; (O) present, few occurrences; (C) present only in captivity/cultivation; (G) present, only under cover/indoors; Absent: (D) reported in the past, but no longer present; (E) eradicated; (I) absent, intercepted only; (J) invalid record (recorded in error); (K) unreliable record. Reference Include citation (author/s, date), ensuring that full bibliographic details are in the reference list Current distribution Select one from the codes above. Also include year of last report (N)ative/ (E)xotic Also year of first introducti on if known Cultivated/ domesticated/ in captivity (P)resent (W)idespread (L)ocalized AFGHANISTAN CABI, 2005 P N P BANGLADESH CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 P E P P E P P N P N Morton, 1987 P N P N W N P N P E P IRAN CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 P E P IRAQ CABI, 2005 P E P Country/Region Invasive? Y(es) N(o) ? (not known) Note e.g. locality, particularly note island distribution if known ASIA CAMBODIA CHINA* Yunnan INDIA* INDONESIA* Plant template 3 Country/Region Reference Include citation (author/s, date), ensuring that full bibliographic details are in the reference list ISRAEL Morton, 1987 Current distribution Select one from the codes above. Also include year of last report E JORDAN CABI, 2005 P E P KAZAKHSTAN CABI, 2005 P N P KUWAIT CABI, 2005 P E P KYRGYZSTAN P N P P E P P E P P N P OMAN CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 P E P PAKISTAN CABI, 2005 P N P PHILIPPINES ISSG, 2003 P E P QATAR CABI, 2005 P E P SAUDI ARABIA CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 P E P P E P P E P P N P P E P P E P CABI, 2005 P N P CABI, 2005 P E P CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 P N P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P MALAYSIA* MYANMAR (BURMA) NEPAL SRI LANKA SYRIA TAJIKISTAN THAILAND TURKEY TURKMENISTAN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UZBEKISTAN VIETNAM YEMEN (N)ative/ (E)xotic Also year of first introducti on if known Cultivated/ domesticated/ in captivity (P)resent (W)idespread (L)ocalized E P Invasive? Y(es) N(o) ? (not known) Note e.g. locality, particularly note island distribution if known N N AFRICA DJIBOUTI World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 USDA-ARS, 2007 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 EGYPT CABI, 2005 P E P ERITREA CABI, 2005 P E P ETHIOPIA CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P ALGERIA ANGOLA BOTSWANA CAMEROON CAPE VERDE CHAD CONGO COTE D'IVOIRE GHANA GUINEA KENYA LESOTHO LIBYA MADAGASCAR Plant template N N 4 Country/Region Reference Include citation (author/s, date), ensuring that full bibliographic details are in the reference list Current distribution Select one from the codes above. Also include year of last report (N)ative/ (E)xotic Also year of first introducti on if known Cultivated/ domesticated/ in captivity (P)resent (W)idespread (L)ocalized P E P P E P MAURITANIA World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 P E P MAURITIUS CABI, 2005 P E P MOROCCO P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P WESTERN SAHARA CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 PIER, 2007 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 PIER, 2007 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 World Agroforestry Centre, 2002 CABI, 2005 P E P ZAMBIA Nyoka, 2002 P E P ZANZIBAR CABI, 2005 P E P ZIMBABWE Nyoka, 2002 P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P P E P MALAWI MALI MOZAMBIQUE NAMIBIA NIGER NIGERIA REUNION SENEGAL SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SUDAN SWAZILAND TANZANIA TUNISIA UGANDA Invasive? Y(es) N(o) ? (not known) Note e.g. locality, particularly note island distribution if known N Y Y Y NORTH AMERICA USA* California Florida Hawaii USDA-NRCS, 2007 Morton, 1987; USDA-NRCS, 2007 Morton, 1987; PIER, 2006 P E P CENTRAL AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN BAHAMAS Morton, 1987 P E P BARBADOS Morton, 1987; P E P BELIZE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC GRENADA Morton, 1987; P E P Morton, 1987 P E P CABI, 2005 P E P GUADELOUPE CABI, 2005 P E P GUATEMALA Morton, 1987 P E P JAMAICA Morton, 1987; P E P MARTINIQUE CABI, 2005 P E P PUERTO RICO Morton, 1987; Francis & Liogier, 1991 P E P P E P Plant template 5 Country/Region Reference Include citation (author/s, date), ensuring that full bibliographic details are in the reference list TRINIDAD & TOBAGO USDA-NRCS, 2007 Morton, 1987 USDA-NRCS, 2007 US VIRGIN ISLANDS Current distribution Select one from the codes above. Also include year of last report (N)ative/ (E)xotic Also year of first introducti on if known Cultivated/ domesticated/ in captivity (P)resent (W)idespread (L)ocalized P E P P E P P E P Invasive? Y(es) N(o) ? (not known) Note e.g. locality, particularly note island distribution if known SOUTH AMERICA COLOMBIA Morton, 1987 P E P VENEZUELA Morton, 1987 P E P GREECE CABI, 2005 P E P N ITALY CABI, 2005 P E P N SPAIN CABI, 2005 P E P N Holm et al., 1979 P E P Y PIER, 2006 Land Protection, 2007 Morton, 1987 P E P Y W E (1863) P Y W N P Y PIER, 2006 W E P Y Y EUROPE OCEANIA AUSTRALIA Northern Territory Queensland PIER, 2006 P E P COOK ISLANDS Western Australia PIER, 2006 P E P FIJI PIER, 2006 P E P Y FRENCH POLYNESIA PIER, 2006 P E P N GUAM Morton, 1987 P E (1950) P KIRIBATI PIER, 2006 P E P MARSHALL ISLANDS PIER, 2006 P E P NEW CALEDONIA PIER, 2006 P E P PAPUA NEW GUINEA PIER, 2006 P E P Not accepted as native Y DISTRIBUTION – FURTHER INFORMATION (text section) Provide further/summary information on native and exotic distribution and any disagreements between sources. Include the area of origin if known. HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION (table) Enter details of human-mediated introductions to new countries or provinces in the table below. Include deliberate and accidental introductions but note which applies in the Comment field if not otherwise clear. Introduced to country; use defined areas listed under ‘Distribution’ Introduced from country; use defined areas listed under ‘Distribution’ Year or range Reason please choose from list under Means of Movement and Dispersal: Causes Queensland ? 1873 Unknown Guam ? 1850 Horticulture Established/ naturalized (yes, no, unknown) Comment Reference Please write (name, date) citation here and include full bibliographic details in reference list Land Protection, 2007 Morton, 1987 HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION/SPREAD (text section) Please provide further historical notes on introduction, routes and spread with dates and references as far as possible e.g. “plant X was planted as a living hedge in its native Australia in the 1800s and was introduced to South Africa in 1879 for this purpose. It escaped around 1900...., then spread to Namibia in the 1930s aided by cattle movements where it is now considered an invasive species....(Smith et al., 2002).” RISK OF INTRODUCTION (text section) Please discuss the potential for further spread including the risks associated with identified pathways for accidental introduction of the organism to new areas. Also discuss the likelihood of deliberate introductions associated with any intended uses (e.g. biological control agent, ornamental, etc.; see Productive Uses and Management section) and Plant template 6 possible pathways (e.g. mail order). Indicate whether and in which regions the organism is already listed as a quarantine pest. 3. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY SECTION DESCRIPTION (text section) Give a generalized description followed by morphological details of each stage of the life cycle. Include measurements where known. Information on the type species is useful. Give sources of detailed descriptions. PLANT TYPE Indicate broad categories of plant type in the table below. ‘X’ as many boxes as applicable. ‘X’ Category ‘X’ Category Annual Herbaceous Biennial Woody X Perennial X Grass/ sedge Seed propagated X Broadleaved Vegetatively propagated X Floating/ submerged aquatic Micro-algae Category ‘X’ Tree X Shrub X Vine/ climber X Succulent Parasitic Macro-algae SIMILARITIES TO OTHER SPECIES/CONDITIONS (text section) Describe other species, subspecies, varieties or forms with which the organism could be confused in the field. Please indicate how they may be distinguished. NOTES ON HABITAT (text section) Include any information on major regional or country variations in habitats affected, citing important references. Attempt to avoid replicating information that is requested in other sections (e.g. in Biology and Ecology, Impact). Please complete the Habitat Table, selecting the habitat types in which this species is currently found. HABITAT TABLE Please indicate presence – as: (X) present, no further details; (1) principal habitat/s; or (2) secondary/tolerated habitat/s, and status – as: (N) natural; (P) productive/non-natural; and/or (H) harmful (pest or invasive). If uncertain about inclusion of a chosen habitat in the classification below, add to the ‘Additional’ spaces. Terrestrial - Managed Cultivated / agricultural land Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) Plantation crops Managed grasslands (grazing systems) Industrial / intensive livestock production systems Disturbed areas Present X/1/ 2 1 Status N/P/ H P Present X/1/ 2 Freshwater 1 P Reservoirs 2 H Rivers/streams Ponds 2 H Brackish Estuaries Lagoons Urban areas Inland saline areas Marine Buildings Inshore marine Natural forests 2 H Coral reefs Natural grasslands 2 H Pelagic zone (offshore) Riverbanks 2 H Benthic zone Wetlands Sea caves Other Cold lands / tundra Land caves Host Vector Rocky areas / lava flows Littoral Irrigation channels Lakes Rail/roadsides Terrestrial - Natural / Semi-natural Status N/P/ H Stored products Scrub / shrublands 2 P Deserts 2 P Arid regions 1 N Coastal areas 2 H Soil Ice Additional Please specify Coastal dunes Mangroves Mud flats Plant template 7 Intertidal zone Salt marshes CROPS/OTHER PLANTS AFFECTED For invasive plants that are commonly associated with, and impact on, the growth or production of other plants (e.g. crop weeds), please include details below. Where possible, please enter individual species in the first column. In the three ‘affected’ columns, please enter ‘X’ to indicate whether each is a crop (main or other) or wild plant species. Where known, please rank plants affected in order of their importance. Add extra rows if required. A separate table is provided for Threatened Species for species whose existence is under threat (see Impacts). CROPS or OTHER PLANTS AFFECTED (Please write scientific name) MAIN CROP AFFECTED (main crop on which weed causes damage) OTHER CROPS AFFECTED SIGNIFICANT WILD PLANTS AFFECTED Not applicable NOTES ON CROPS/OTHER PLANTS AFFECTED (text section) Include additional information not covered by the listing(s) above. Note any more specific information on stages of crop/plant growth most affected (e.g. to 40 days post-emergence). Cite important references here (rather than in above list). BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY (text section) Recommended subheadings include: Genetics: e.g. chromosome number, genetic variation and hybridisation. Reproductive biology: describe the life cycle and reproductive strategy, fecundity, cues and periods of development with relation to environmental factors. Physiology and phenology: e.g. survival strategies, evidence for adaptability and phenological variation. Note differences observed between the native and exotic ranges. Nutrition: (do not repeat information given under Hosts; this section is not needed for plants) Associations: describe here any floral and faunal associations that are outside the above such as symbionts and include here any information on ecological succession - natural enemies, hosts and vectors of pests and diseases and threatened species are handled separately. Environmental requirements: Please add any information to this text section that is not covered in the climate and soil and water tables below e.g. physiogeography (altitude, aspect, other site conditions) and notes on occurrence at extremes of its range. Please complete the following Environmental Requirements Tables where applicable to the organism. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS TABLES Climate tolerances table (please refer to supplied map, a further explanation of the climate classification is available in the paper a Short Tabular Presentation of Koeppen Classes by Grieser et al., 2006). Climate (modified Koeppen classification of major climatic regions) Preferred (mark with ‘X’) A. Equatorial climates Af Equatorial full humid rainforest Am Equatorial monsoon As Equatorial savannah with dry summer X Aw Equatorial savannah with dry winter X B. Arid climates X BS Steppe X BW Desert climate X Tolerated (mark with ‘X’) X X Latitude range °N °S Approximate limits north to south 25 25 Lower limit Upper limit Mean annual temperature (°C, lower/upper tolerance limits) 25 29 Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (°C, lower/upper tolerance limits) 31 37 Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (°C, lower/upper tolerance limits) 10 23 Air temperature Absolute minimum temperature (°C) (= minimum lowest temperature tolerated/ever recorded) Rainfall Mean annual rainfall (mm; lower/upper limits) Plant template -5 125 2225 8 Rainfall regime (underline or bold one or more) Dry season duration (number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall; give range) Summer Bimodal Winter Uniform 3 8 Soil tolerances table (please enter Y(es) against all that are appropriate) Soil texture Soil drainage Light (sands, sandy loams) X Free Medium (loams, sandy clay loams) X Impeded Heavy (clays, clay loams, sandy clays) X seasonally waterlogged Soil reaction Special soil tolerances very acid (pH <4.0) Acid (pH 4.0-6.0) Shallow Neutral (pH 6.1-7.4) X Sodic Alkaline (pH 7.4-9.4) X Infertile very alkaline (pH > 9.4) Saline X X other (please specify) MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL – SUMMARY (text section) Include information on pathways and rates of dispersal, at local, national or international levels. Use the following headings: Natural dispersal (non-biotic), e.g. water, wind; Vector transmission (biotic), e.g. carried or eaten by animals; Accidental introduction e.g. associated with trade and transport; and Intentional introduction e.g. as an ornamental or crop plant, as a pet etc.; include legal and illegal movement. The Movement and Dispersal Tables below are designed to capture searchable data, please complete as fully as possible. MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL TABLES Please complete the following summary tables. Concepts follow those of Carlton JT, Ruiz GM, 2005. Vector science and integrated vector management in bioinvasion ecology: conceptual frameworks. In: Invasive Alien Species: A New Synthesis (ed. By Mooney HA et al.). Island Press, Washington, USA as adopted by the GISIN IAS profile schema (01/05/07) Causes for introduction and dispersal table Cause Notes Why a species is transported, whether accidentally or deliberately Long-distance (D) and/or Local (L) (Exclude exceptional circumstances that are unlikely to be repeated) Note details of countries of origin and introduction, for History of Introduction Table References Please write (name, date) citation here and include full bibliographic details in reference list Digestion/excretion L Land Protection, 2007 Food D Azam-Ali et al., 2006 Horticulture D Azam-Ali et al., 2006 Vectors for introduction and dispersal table Vector How a species is transported, i.e. the physical means or vector (on, in or with the following) Long-distance (D) and/or Local (L) Notes e.g. frequency, life stage, density and condition Reference Please write (name, date) citation here and include full bibliographic details in reference list Germplasm or habitat material (e.g. plant collections, etc.) D Azam-Ali et al., 2006 Livestock L Land Protection, 2007 Plant trade table Not applicable. Wood packaging table (unintentional introduction) Not applicable. Vector species table Not applicable. NOTES ON NATURAL ENEMIES (text section) Indicate importance of natural enemies, where they occur, whether indigenous or introduced, and any other relevant data. Mention families and genera here, and cite important references (rather than in the following table). Plant template 9 Specific case studies of uses as biological control agents should be discussed in the MANAGEMENT SECTION (see below). Please complete the table below. Exclude results based only on laboratory trials. The distribution of the natural enemy is useful for the Compendium, but not essential, so this column is optional. Please indicate whether the natural enemy has been used as a biological control agent. NATURAL ENEMY Scientific name and authority TYPE OF ATTACK herbivore/ carnivore, parasite, or pathogen PART/STAGE ATTACKED COUNTRIES WHERE KNOWN TO OCCUR (optional data) (followed by dates of introduction if known and ‘I’ if indigenous) SPECIFICITY (S) to species (G) to genus (NS) not specific USED AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT (Y/N) Numerous natural enemies – please refer to Azam-Ali (2006) 4. IMPACTS SECTION Impact summary table Environmental P(ositive) or N(egative) or PN (both) PN Economic/ livelihood PN IMPACT TYPE P(ositive) or N(egative) or PN (both) IMPACT TYPE Human health Cultural/ amenity IMPACTS (text section) In the following text sections, please refer to the impact outputs and mechanisms from summary table below. Economic impact Provide details of economic impacts, indicating where (regions or countries), and the frequency and severity. If possible include quantitative statements with references. Social impact Discuss the impact of the pest on human activities if relevant, including health, livelihoods, aesthetics, tourism etc. Environmental impact Discuss the impact of the species on the natural environment. Recommended subheadings are: Impact on habitats: i.e. alteration of ecosystem processes (e.g. productivity, nutrient cycling, disturbance regime, etc.) and ecosystem services (e.g. soil protection and regeneration, fire regime, water supply, waste decomposition, etc.). cite known examples of invasions into national parks, marine reserves, and other protected areas, with the specific effects in each case. Impact on biodiversity: discuss impacts on biodiversity, native species and species of conservation significance and describe the mechanisms underlying these impacts e.g. hybridization, competition for food or space, parasitism, predation, herbivory, vector of disease, etc. Threatened species table List those species that are threatened by this invasive species and the mechanism (from the above list): THREATENED SPECIES scientific name and authority CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE (e.g. state whether on the IUCN red list or national endangered species list) WHERE IS IT THREATENED? Enter country name if known and locality MECHANISM Enter number from the Impact Mechanisms list REFERENCE: Please write (name, date) citation here and include full bibliographic details in reference list None known Plant template 10 SUMMARY OF INVASIVENESS Risk and impact factors table In this table we would like you to summarise the characteristics of invasiveness, impacts and risks of invasion. This summary information will be included in the Compendium and is also intended as a checklist for authors, please ensure that further details and references to support those questions answered by ‘yes’ are included in the appropriate datasheet sections. This is a general table and some questions are not relevant to all species, please enter ‘NA’ in those cases. Invasiveness I1. I2. I3. I4. I5. I6. I7. I8. I9. I10. I11. I12. I13. I14. I15. I16. I17. I18. I19. Is the species invasive in its native range? Has it proved invasive outside its native range? (i.e. is it an invasive alien species)? Does it have a broad native range? Is it abundant in its native range? Is it highly adaptable to different environments? (i.e. does it exhibit phenotypic plasticity?) Is it a habitat generalist? Does it tolerate, or benefit from, competition, cultivation, browsing pressure, fire? Is it pioneering in disturbed areas? Is it tolerant of shade? Is it capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food? (i.e. is it polyphagous?) Is it highly mobile locally? Does it benefit from human association? (i.e. is it a human commensal?) Is it long lived? Is it fast growing? Does it have high reproductive potential? Is it gregarious? Does it have propagules that can viable for more than one year (e.g. as eggs, pupae, seeds)? Does is reproduce asexually? Does it have high genetic variability? Impact outcomes O1. Altered trophic level O2. Changed gene pool/ selective loss of genotypes O3. Conflict O4. Damaged ecosystem services O5. Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration O6. Host damage O7. Increases vulnerability to invasions O8. Infrastructure damage O9. Loss of medicinal resources O10. Modification of fire regime O11. Modification of hydrology O12. Modification of natural benthic communities O13. Modification of nutrient regime O14. Modification of successional patterns O15. Monoculture formation O16. Negatively impacts agriculture O17. Negatively impacts cultural/traditional practices O18. Negatively impacts forestry O19. Negatively impacts human health O20. Negatively impacts livelihoods O21. Negatively impacts aquaculture/fisheries O22. Negatively impacts tourism O23. Reduced amenity values O24. Reduced native biodiversity O25. Soil accretion O26. Threat to/ loss of endangered species O27. Threat to/ loss of native species O28. Transportation disruption O29. Other, please specify Please indicate Y(es), N(o), U(nkown) U N N N Y N U N N U U N U U Y Y U N N U U N U Y U U Y N Please indicate Y(es), N(o), U(nkown), NA (not applicable) N Y Y Y Y U Y Y Y NA Y Y Y Y Y NA Y Y Y Impact mechanisms M1. Allelopathic M2. Causes allergic responses M3. Competition - monopolising resources M4. Competition - shading M5. Competition - smothering M6. Competition - strangling M7. Competition - other M8. Pest and disease transmission M9. Filtration M10. Fouling M11. Herbivory/grazing/browsing M12. Hybridization M13. Induces hypersensitivity M14. Interaction with other invasive species M15. Parasitism (incl. parasitoid) M16. Pathogenic M17. Poisoning M18. Pollen swamping M19. Predation M20. Rapid growth M21. Rooting M22. Trampling M23. Other, please specify M24. M25. M26. Likelihood of entry/control E1. Is it highly likely to be transported internationally (a) accidentally? (e.g. as a contaminant). E2. Is it highly likely to be transported internationally (b) deliberately? (e.g. as an ornamental) E3. Is it highly likely to be transported internationally (c) illegally E4. Is it difficult to identify / detect as a commodity contaminant? (e.g. due to small size) E5. Is it difficult to identify / detect in the field? (e.g. similarities to other species, inconspicuousness) E6. Is it difficult / costly to control? (e.g. resistance to pesticides) Plant template Please indicate Y(es), N(o), U(nkown) N N Y Y N N U Y N N N N N N N N N N N Y U N Please indicate Y(es), N(o), U(nkown) N Y N N N Y 11 5. MANAGEMENT SECTION PRODUCTIVE USES AND MANAGEMENT (text section) Describe any human uses of the organism under the subheadings: Economic value, Social benefit and Environmental services, and whether there are differences between regions. Note any management applied for production and/or commercialization of the organism. Please cite references. USES TABLE Use Please mark with ‘X’ Baskets Meat and bonemeal Bark products Fishmeal Environmental Carved material Agroforestry Boundary, barrier or support Erosion control, dune stabilization Revegetation Silk X Lac X X X X Bait, attractant Insect food Drugs, stimulants, social uses – materials Hallucinogen Shell Pearls Miscellaneous Masticatory Soil conservation Narcotic Shelterbelts Medicinal, pharmaceutical Traditional, folklore Soil improvement Source of Smoking Graft stock Veterinary Stimulants Land reclamation Ornamental X Religious X Firebreak Fuels Windbreaks Fuelwood X Host or pest Charcoal X Biological control Biofuels Wildlife habitat Amenity Psychoactive Genetic Importance Miscellaneous fuels Related to X Commercial pollinator Gene source Test organisms (for pests and diseases) Progenitor of Ornamental Materials Human food and beverage Vegetable Alcohol Beverage base Potted plant Chemicals Oil, fat Christmas tree Fertilizer Cereal Propagation material Pesticide, pest repellent Emergency (famine) food Essential oils Flour, starch Gum/resin X Cut flower X Seed trade Fruits X Additional (please specify:) Rubber/latex Honey, honey flora X Lipids Pulse Oils Nuts Hair Root crop Horn Seeds Bones Spices & culinary herbs Skins/leather/fur Leaves (for beverage) Dye/tanning X Sugar X Milk and dairy products Meat/fat/offal/blood/bone (whole, cut, fresh, frozen, canned, cured, processed or smoked) Eggs Wax Fibre Wool Feathers Fuel (fuelwood) Mulches Food additive Manure Gum, mucilage Green manure Wood/timber (see table of Wood products) Beads Cane Plant template X X Animal feed, fodder, forage Fodder/animal feed X Forage X 12 WOOD PRODUCTS TABLE Only relevant for trees and other woody plants. Wood product Fuelwood Roundwood transmission poles Posts Stakes Piles pit props building poles roundwood structures Sawn or hewn building timbers For heavy construction beams For light construction carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior) flooring wall panelling shingles exterior fittings fences Gates engineering structures bridges hydraulic works Railway sleepers Containers Pallets Crates Boxes Cases Please mark with ‘X’ X X Tanks Vats cooperage baskets Woodware Industrial and domestic woodware tool handles brushes cutlery toys musical instruments sports equipment wood carvings turnery marquetry matches pencils Furniture Veneers Boats Vehicle bodies Wood-based materials plywood blockboard laminated wood laminated veneer lumber parallel strand lumber laminated strand lumber oriented strand lumber composite boards wood cement gypsum board particleboard waferboard X X X X X X X X flakeboard oriented strandboard fibreboard hardboard medium density fibreboard Improved wood Wood hydrolysates Lignin products Plastics from wood Wood gas (and other hydrocarbons, methyl alcohol, etc.) Pulp short-fibre pulp long-fibre pulp Wood extractives (including oil) Textiles Other cellulose derivatives Wood wool Wood flour Charcoal Wood residues X Additional (please specify) X INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT (text section) Management concerns the invasive species directly, its vector species, reservoir hosts, or the pathways for introduction and dispersal. If you have detailed information on site-specific control measures, please contact the commissioning editor for the possibility of writing a separate case study. Prevention SPS measures (quarantine, certification, prohibition) Early warning systems Detection and inspection methods (incl. useful identification keys) Diagnosis (laboratory techniques incl. barcodes, screening) Rapid response Public awareness Eradication Containment/zoning Control Control practices should be described in general terms, and should not include specific recommendations for formulations, application rates or schedules. Indicate whether control methods are usually necessary and what approaches are used. Cultural control and sanitary measures Physical/mechanical control Movement control Biological control Chemical control Host resistance (incl. vaccination) IPM Control by utilization Monitoring and surveillance (incl. remote sensing) Mitigation Ecosystem restoration Plant template 13 6. FURTHER INFORMATION SECTION GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE/RESEARCH NEEDS (text section) If during the compilation of this datasheet you have found that factual data for any of the sections is simply not available, please indicate suggestions for future research here. LINKS TO WEBSITES Give details of any sites on the internet, which are of relevance to this datasheet, these may be organizations/networks of expertise, databases and other significant compilations. NAME ADDRESS (URL) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/Treedataba ses.asp ICRAF’s Agroforestree Database ORGANIZATIONS Give details of any organizations which are of significant relevance to this datasheet (with specific focus/expertise at the national, regional or global level). NAME Central Institute for Arid Horticulture Contact: Dr BB Vashishtha Haryana Agricultural University Contact: Prof OP Toky ACRONYM CIAH Central Arid Zone Research Institute Contact: Dr LN Harsh The International Centre for Underutilized Crops ICUC-IWMI ADDRESS COUNTRY URL Bikaner 334 006, Rajasthan India Hisar 124 004, Haryana India http://hau.ernet.in/ Jodhpur 342 003, Rajasthan India http://www.hridir.org/count ries/india/PROVCOUN/ind ian_council_of_agricultura l_research/central_arid_z one_research_institute_u nder_icar/index.htm Colombo Sri Lanka http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/ CASE STUDIES These are specific examples, mainly location-specific (to ecosystem, region/sea area, country, etc.), to illustrate invasive behaviour, biology, impacts, management success/failures, history, status, mode of introduction, ecosystem restoration, etc. They will link to species and country datasheets, key topics and other case studies. It is intended that case studies fulfil the role of location-specific information in the ISC. If you think you would be able to contribute a case study for this species, either specially prepared or from existing material, please contact CABI. REFERENCES Reference list (full bibliographic citation; please follow the style guide in the Instructions to Authors) for all references cited in text and table sections. Plant template 14 TEXT SECTIONS (summary) The text sections and reference lists should be provided in separate documents. This is a summary of those text sections (listed elsewhere in this document), and suggested subheadings. Subheadings may vary, but if relevant use those suggested. Further guidelines for the completion of these text sections are given elsewhere in this document, and in the 'Instructions to Authors'. 1. IDENTITY SECTION Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Summary of Invasiveness 5. MANAGEMENT SECTION Productive Uses and Management Economic value Social benefit Environmental services Invasive Species management Prevention SPS measures Early warning systems Detection and inspection methods Diagnosis Rapid response Public awareness Eradication Containment/zoning Control Cultural control and sanitary measures Physical/mechanical control Movement control Biological control Chemical control Host resistance (incl. vaccination) IPM Control by utilization Monitoring and surveillance (incl. remote sensing) Mitigation Ecosystem restoration 2. DISTRIBUTION SECTION Distribution – Further information History of Introduction/Spread Risk of introduction 3. BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY SECTION Description Similarities to Other Species/Conditions Notes on Habitat Notes On Crops/Other Plants Affected Biology and Ecology Genetics Reproductive biology Physiology and phenology Nutrition Associations Environmental requirements Movement and Dispersal – Summary Natural dispersal (non-biotic) Vector transmission (biotic) Accidental introduction Intentional introduction Notes on Natural Enemies 6. FURTHER INFORMATION Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs Case Studies References 4. IMPACT SECTION Impacts Economic impact Social impact Environmental impact Impact on habitats Impact on biodiversity ILLUSTRATIONS Please see Instructions to Authors for further essential information regarding illustrations. Please supply full details for each illustration that you send. Pic No. 1 2 3 4 Please supply a clear, descriptive caption for each illustration (supply on a separate sheet if necessary) Large Z. mauritiana street tree in Aqaba, Jordan Shrubby Z. mauritiana in Cape Verde Large Z. mauritiana fruits from improved grafted varieties for sale in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India Improved Z. mauritiana in irrigated plantations in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India Type: Slide Print Artwork? Rights to illustration held by? Immediate return required? (mark with ‘X’) Print Print Nick Pasiecznik Nick Pasiecznik X X Print Nick Pasiecznik X Print Nick Pasiecznik X Please indicate any other potential source of pictures for this datasheet NAME Dr Rieks van Klinken Dr Hannah Jaenicke, ADDRESS (postal or email) CSIRO, Australia [email protected] International Centre for Underutilised Crops, Colombo, Sri Lanka [email protected] OTHER MATERIALS Do you hold the rights for any materials that cover themes related to the main subject of this datasheet? We may be interested in technical guidelines, reports, extension or teaching materials, databases, software, etc.; these may include unpublished as well as published documents. Would you consider granting us permission to re-use these materials or extracted excerpts from them? The original source would be prominently displayed with the material. Non-English materials will be considered. MATERIAL FORMAT None Thank you for your contribution. Plant template 15