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International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering
Available Online at www.ijecse.org
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Globally Secured Power Generation through Vibration
Nimika Aggarwal
Assistant Professor / ECE Department
Graphic Era University
Email: [email protected]
Abstract- Global security is an important basis of the entire human security system. Since Industry revolution, human
began to suffer from many kinds of pollution and ecosystem degradation, such as air pollution, water pollution, soil loss and
degradation, etc. The need to generate power (or say electricity) is the demand for today’s life because of the fact that even if there
is a lot of medium to generate power then there are lot of medium for pollution as well so there would still be a shortage of clean
electricity. Comparison of different forms of commercial power generation by use of the fuel cycle methods developed in European
studies shows that the health burdens are extreme in areas where power stations (based on coal, Ignite, and oil) are situated as they
pollute the outdoor air to large extent therefore one has to overcome this state. This paper reviews the state of knowledge
regarding the generation of electricity by pressure or vibration produced by our footsteps which make the generation eco-friendly
and easy.
Keywords – Ecosecurity , Pressure, Piezoelectric material, vibration, footsteps.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The concept of capturing the lost energy surrounding a system without effecting the ecosystem, converting it into
electrical energy that can be used to extend the lifetime of that system provides an endless supply of energy to an electronic
device. It has captivated many researchers and has brought a forth growing amount of attention to power harvesting. The
main focus is on generation of electricity by the help of crystal material ( i.e,Renewable energy as it only uses the material in
which mechanical force is applied).
Figure 1.
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The graph shown above demonstrates the effect of electricity generation on eco-system through various sources.
Nuclear power method has the highest effect as it produces the large amount of hydrogen. The coal and hydroelectricity
produces the green house gases (CO2) but the renewable method is eco-friendly.
Agriculture is the backbone of India. As it is known that irrigation is through the tube well so the water pressure is
sufficient to vibrate the piezoelectric crystal to generate the energy and can be used in power harvesting systems.
II.
Application Description
One of the most innovative method of obtaining the energy surrounding a system is to use piezoelectric
materials. Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides a unique ability to convert an applied strain into
an electrical current and vice versa. The latter of these two properties allows the material to function as a power harvesting
medium. The proposed work of generating electricity through piezoelectric material can be used in crowded areas like bus
stations, railway stations, malls, and Metro-politan cities’ footpath by implementing the Piezoelectric plate (containing PZT)
on that place as shown in fig2. This plate contains 50 crystal materials so that one plate could generate 230 volts around
potential(as one crystal can generate app. 5 volts) by applying the pressure.
Figure 2.
III.
SYSTEM OVERVIEW:
A. Overview
•
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Piezoelectric Material:
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Piezoelectric crystals are one of many small scale energy sources. Whenever piezoelectric crystals are
mechanically deformed or subject to vibration they generate a small voltage, commonly known as piezoelectricity. For
example, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) crystals will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure is
deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static
dimension when an external electric field is applied to the material. [5]
Figure 3.
Through this figure we can thought of the PZT as a material in which Pressure is applied to generate electricity in
both constrained and unconstrained motion.
•
Piezoelectric effect:
The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the
electrical state in crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process in that
materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied
mechanical force), also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from
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an applied electrical field) [2].
Figure 4. shows the Compression and Tensile strength of the Piezoelectric material.
• Piezoelectric Constitutive Equation:
For mechanical problems, a constitutive equation describes how a material strains or say behave when it is stressed,
or vice-versa. Constitutive equations exist also for electrical problems as they describe how charge moves in a (dielectric)
material when it is subjected to a voltage or vice-versa. This equation defines how the piezoelectric material's stress (T),
strain (S), charge-density displacement (D), and electric field (E) interact.
Piezoelectricity is the combined effect of the electrical behavior of the material through this equation:
D = ɛE
where D is the electric charge density displacement (electric displacement), ε is permittivity and E is electric field strength,
and by the effect of Hooke's Law:
S = sT
where S is strain, s is compliance and T is stress.
The piezoelectric constitutive law (in Strain-Charge form) is :
S = sE .T + dt . E
D = d.T + ɛT . E
The matrix d contains the piezoelectric coefficients for the material and t signifies the array[6] through which the vibration
effect of crystal can be checked .
B. Architecture overview:
The implementation is based on the concept of capturing the unused energy surrounding any system and converting
it into electrical energy that can be used to extend the lifetime of that system by providing energy through backup.
The fig.5 illustrates the piezoelectric arrangement.
The piezoelectric elements are in their various forms and configurations are designed to operate near resonance.
Resonance may vary as a function of number of properties of Piezo materials being employed. Electrical contacts or coupling
elements used in the figure are coupled to suitable electrical leads, which are electrically coupled to the piezoelectric element.
The polarity of charge depends upon whether element is under compression or tension as a result of applied force. If
the element is subjected to an applied compressive force its polarity will be positive and due to applied tensile force it will be
negative. This element generates the electrical charge to the voltage limiter. Voltage limiter is the back to back zener diodes.
It provides the return channel through which electric charge may flow to the piezo unit to prevent the depolarization of the
piezo element. The return channel is provided to work in either polarity mode. Voltage limited electrical charge is coupled
electrically to bridge rectifier. This pulsating DC from rectifier is coupled to the capacitor filter which efficiently serves as
ripple filter. This rippled free DC obtained from filter is provided to shunt type voltage regulator, to regulate voltage which
advantageously coupled to storage element which can be a battery or a capacitor.
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This is embodiment of single piezo electric unit. For large scale production, multiunit piezo electric Array is
utilized by plurality of elements. More preferable stack Array arrangement passes the applied force through all layers forming
piezoelectric elements in the Array thus causing the voltage to rise.
The Array consists of the given type of subsystem embodiments which are electrically coupled at nodes so as to
form a voltage additive series circuit arrangement. The summed electrical charge is input to the regulator by the way of
nodes. This output is stored in one or more electrical charge element. Finally the generated, regulated, conditioned and stored
electrical charge of the system is available for use by external circuitry. The conditioning circuitry is preferably of relatively
low impedance to more efficiently capture the generated charge.
Figure 5.
C.
Implementation Challenges:
This is the challengeable task for the project as the combination of voltages coming from different sources is typical
to sum-up.
As the converted output electrical power generated through the mechanical vibration of piezoelectric element array
will be summed up using the storage element via capacitor. The single arrangement of piezoelectric element array consists of
a 1-mm thick PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) [3] plate with the length of l and width of w with the configuration shown in fig
5.[1]
A load resistance RL and an input impedance of the oscilloscope for the voltage measurement were connected in
parallel to the PZT plate. By applying the forced harmonic vibration in the vertical direction at the fixed end, the surface
electrical charge is generated by the stress to the PZT plate, and the power consumption on the load resistance with parallel
capacitor can be calculated as the output electrical power.[4]
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Figure 6. shows Output Power in the Storage Element with the generated Output Voltage
IV.
CONCLUSION:
This paper presents an adaptive approach to harvest electrical energy from mechanically excited piezoelectric
element. It proposes energy conversion system as a power source for the rural in terms of generating electricity. The most of
the applications of the piezoelectric effect has been done but the novelty of this paper leads to the optimal efficiency of the
system consisting of energy generation which is connected to a power processing circuit to use without affecting natural
resources by means of just circuiting an energy saver like capacitor which stores the charge and hence further can be used.
The compact model not only provides the accurate results but also gave the computational speed-ups of the
generation.
V.
REFERENCE
[1] Applications of Ferroelectrics, 2004. ISAF-04. 2004 14th IEEE International Symposium on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ISAF.2004 .1418347 .Publication Year: 2004 , Page(s): 102 – 105.
[2] Holler, F. James; Skoog, Douglas A; Crouch, Stanley R (2007). "Chapter 1". Principles of Instrumental Analysis (6th
ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 9. ISBN 9780495012016.
[3]
Gautschi, G (2002). Piezoelectric Sensorics: Force, Strain, Pressure, Acceleration and Acoustic Emission Sensors,
Materials and Amplifiers.
[4]
Ultrasonics
Symposium
(IUS),
2009
IEEE
International
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ULTSYM.2009.5442000 .Publication Year: 2009 , Page(s): 1973 – 1976.
[5] Kochervinskii, V (July 2003). "Piezoelectricity in Crystallizing Ferroelectric Polymers".
[6] www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/physmod/elec/ref/piezostack.html.
[7] http://www.4timing.com/techcrystal.html
[8] http://www.imec.be/ScientificReport/SR2007/html/1384155.html
[9] http://www.piezomaterials.com
[10] http://www.polecer.rwthaachen.de/wp2s.html
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