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Russian Federation Department of Education State Secondary School № 2006 Нearing Loss in Teens linked to Personal Listening Devices This project has been done by Dobrova Julia, 9 A Grade Supervised by Irina O. Belova, The English Language Teacher MOSCOW 2015 Content 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 3 2. Main Part o Part 1 Hearing. The structure of auditory analyzer. ………………… 4 o Part 2 PLDs. History of invention. …………………………………. 6 Forms of PLDs. Purposes of using PLDs. ………………….. 6 o Part 3 Adolescents and PLDs. ……………………………………… 9 Ways of losing hearing. ……………………………………..11 Survey comments. …………………………………………... 12 How to prevent yourselves from hearing loss. Doctor’s advices. …………………………………………… 13 3. Conclusion. …………………………………………………………………. 15 4. Appendixes. ………………………………………………………………… 16 5. Bibliography. ………………………………………………………………… 19 2 Introduction ACTUALITY. Personal listening devices like iPods have become increasingly popular among young people in recent years. The ability of Personal Listening Devices (PLDs) to contribute to permanent hearing damage is particularly alarming because adolescent and young adults PLD users tend to be unaware that noise induced hearing loss can result from excessive PLD use. We believe it is a very interesting and current topic. Every day you are confronted with mp3-players, headphones or insert phones. But music played through headphones too loud or too long might pose a significant risk to hearing. Here we come back to the main aim of "which effect this has on hearing loss". Except from the main problem, there are other relevant issues: · which the limit standards are, · their legally limited standards of level are, · it is necessary that their come legally limited standards of level, · why youngsters listen to loud music, · if the adolescents know the effects of hearing to too loud music, · their interventions are. Hypothesis: The less teens use PLDs, the better thier hearing will be. In our work we made an attempt to analyze and to find answers to these questions and try to create a more and totally view on the situation. METHODS. 1. Survey. 370 adolescents-volunteers (12–18 years of age) in 17 classes in our secondary schools were invited to complete questionnaires about their musiclistening behaviors. 2. Studying and analysis the works on the topic, scientific researches and the Internet sources. 3. Setting up healthy awareness program in our school. 3 Part 1 Hearing. The structure of auditory analyzer Ear as a peripheral organ of the auditory analyzer consists not only of the receptor apparatus, hidden deep in the temporal bone and forming together with the vestibular apparatus of the so-called inner ear. Of considerable importance are those parts of the ear that are associated with the capture of sounds and their conduct to the receptor apparatus. Sound conducting apparatus - a middle ear, or tympanum. Sounddevice, or outer ear consists of the external auditory canal and pinna. Tympanic cavity communicates with the outside air through a special channel - auditory or eustachian tube, outside the hole is located in the wall of nasopharynx. Usually, it closed, but at the time of swallowing revealed. When a sudden change in atmospheric pressure, such as the descent into a deep pit, when climbing or landing of aircraft, it may be a significant difference between the pressure of outside air and air pressure in the tympanic cavity, which causes discomfort and sometimes damage the eardrum. Disclosure of the holes of the auditory tube helps equalize pressure, but because when the pressure of outside air is recommended to make frequent swallowing movements. Inside the tympanic cavity contains three auditory bones - hammer, anvil and stirrup, interconnected by joints. The middle ear is separated from the outer eardrum, but from the internal - the bone wall with two holes. Air sound waves entering the ear canal, causing vibrations of the eardrum, which through the auditory ossicles, as well as through the air trapped in the middle ear, inner ear perilymph are transmitted. Among the various theories explaining the mechanism of peripheral sound analysis, the most reasonable must be considered a resonance theory proposed by Helmholtz in 1863. If you open the piano to play some musical instrument or voice sound a certain height, it begins to resonate, ie, in response to sound, string, tuned to the same tone. By studying the structural features of the main plate snails, Helmholtz concluded that the sound waves coming from the environment, cause 4 fluctuations of the transverse fibers of the plate on the principle of resonance. In all there are in the main plate of about 24 000 cross elastic fibers. They vary in length and degree of tension: the shortest and taut located at the base of the cochlea, the closer to its peak, so they are longer and less strained. According to the resonance theory, the different parts of the main plate oscillation of its fibers react to the sounds of different heights. 5 Part 2 History of invention of headphones Headphones originated from the earpiece, and were the only way to listen to electrical audio signals before amplifiers were developed. The first truly successful set was developed in 1910 by Nathaniel Baldwin, who made them by hand in his kitchen and sold them to the United States Navy. Some very sensitive headphones, such as those manufactured by Brandes around 1919, were commonly used for early radio work. These early headphones used moving iron drivers, with either single ended or balanced armatures. In 1943, John C. Koss, an audiophile and jazz musician from Milwaukee, produced the first stereo headphones. Previously, headphones were used only by telephone and radio operators, and individuals in similar industries. Types Headphone size can affect the balance between fidelity and portability. Generally, headphone form factors can be divided into four separate categories: circumaural, supra-aural, earbud, and in-ear. Circumaural Supra-aural - Circumaural headphones - Supra-aural headphones Open or closed back - Open-back; - Closed-back; - Semi-open Ear-fitting headphones - Earphones; - In-ear headphones; 1. Circumaural headphones (sometimes called full size headphones) have circular or ellipsoid earpads that encompass the ears. Because these headphones completely surround the ear, circumaural headphones can be designed to fully seal against the head to attenuate external noise. Because of their size, circumaural headphones can be heavy and there are some sets that weigh over 500 grams. 2. Supra-aural headphones have pads that press against the ears, rather than around them. They were commonly bundled with personal stereos during the 1980s. This type of headphone generally tends to be smaller and lighter than 6 circumaural headphones, resulting in less attenuation of outside noise. Supra-aural headphones can also lead to discomfort due to the pressure on the ear as compared to circumaural headphones that sit around the ear. Comfort may vary due to the earcup material. 3. Open-back headphones have the back of the earcups open. This leaks more sound out of the headphone and also lets more ambient sounds into the headphone, but gives a more natural or speaker-like sound and more spacious “soundstage” – the perception of distance from the source. 4. Closed-back (or sealed) styles have the back of the earcups closed. They usually block some of the ambient noise, but have a smaller soundstage, giving the wearer a perception that the sound is coming from within their head. Closed-back headphones tend to be able to produce stronger low frequencies than open-back headphones. 5. Semi-open headphones, have a design that can be considered as a compromise between open-back headphones and closedback headphones. This may imply that the result combines all the positive properties of both designs. Some believe the term “semi-open” is purely there for marketing purposes. While there is no exact definition for the term semi-open headphone, there are designs that can be considered as such. Where the open-back approach has hardly any measure to block sound at the outer side of the diaphragm, and the closed-back approach, really has a closed chamber at the outer side of the diaphragm, a semi-open headphone can have a chamber to block sound partially while leaving some sound through, via openings or vents. 6. (popularly called “earbuds” in recent years) are very small headphones that are fitted directly in the outer ear, facing but not inserted in the ear canal. Earphones are portable and convenient, but many people consider them to be uncomfortable and prone to falling out. They provide hardly any acoustic isolation and leave room for ambient noise to seep in; users may turn up the volume dangerously high to compensate, at the risk of causing hearing loss. On the other hand, they let the user be better aware of their surroundings. Since the Earphones early days of the transistor radio, earphones have commonly been bundled with personal music devices. 7 7. In-ear headphones, also known as in-ear monitors (IEMs) or canalphones, are small headphones with similar portability to earbuds which are inserted in the ear canal itself. IEMs are higher quality in-ear headphones and are used by audio engineers and musicians as well as audiophiles. Because in-ear headphones engage the ear canal, they can be less prone to falling out and they block out much environmental noise. Lack of sound from the environment can be a problem when sound is a necessary cue for safety or other reasons, as when walking, driving, or riding near or in vehicular traffic. Generic or custom fitting ear canal plugs are made from silicone rubber, elastomer, or foam. Custom in-ear headphones use castings of the ear canal to create custommolded plugs that provide added comfort and noise isolation. 8 Part 3 Adolescents and PLDs Teens love to listen to music and sometimes with the volume louder than those around them appreciate. Most teenagers prefer the in the ear style of headphones for both comfort and they way they look. The fun thing is that you can get some pretty cool looking pairs that will also do a good job of giving them a good listening experience. Whether they are listening to their favorite tunes, playing a video game or using the headphones with their phone to listen to a conversation with a friend. Now, a new study from Children's Hospital Boston and City University of New York (CUNY) – the largest of its kind to date - also finds that the majority of college students using MP3 players and iPods exceed the recommended sound limits while listening. To investigate this alarming trend, Brian Fligor, Sc.D. CCC-A, director of the Diagnostic Audiology Program at Children's Hospital Boston, and his collaborators at CUNY, Sandra Levey, Ph.D., and Tania Levey, Ph.D., recorded the MP3 and iPod headphone levels of 189 college students at a New York City university as they entered the campus. The findings, which Fligor calls "extremely concerning," were not really surprising, considering recent research suggesting that today's teenagers have worse hearing than those of generations past – mostly due to exposure to loud music: 58.2 percent of participants exceeded daily sound exposure limits and 51.9 percent exceeded weekly sound exposure limits, suggesting that over half of college students in the urban environment are at risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). "Some people, especially those using their headphones in a noisy environment, like a city street or subway, do listen at levels high enough and for durations of time that pose a risk to hearing," Fligor tells Healthy Hearing. "This is an issue that won't cause a problem immediately as it takes years to do significant damage, but once it occurs; this damage is irreversible and sets the stage for poorer hearing at younger ages than in previous generations. The risk is real and needs to be taken seriously." Here is another proof why this problem should be taken seriously and without delay: Another just-released national study shows that one in five teens has already lost some hearing, and the problem has increased substantially in recent years. This finding is based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by a branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 9 The findings are being published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The researchers analyzed data on 12- to 19-year-olds and compared hearing loss in nearly 3,000 kids tested from 1988-94 to almost 1,800 kids tested over 2005-06. The result? The prevalence of hearing loss increased from about 15 percent to 19.5 percent! Although the researchers did not pinpoint MP3s or iPods as specific culprits, they believe these audio devices are not totally blameless, especially since another recent study from Australia linked the use of personal listening devices with a 70 percent increased risk of hearing loss in children. Given such preponderance of evidence, experts are urging teenagers to turn down the volume on their digital music players. They warn that even a slight hearing loss can cause problems in school and require use of hearing aids in later life. 10 Ways of losing hearing The inability to hear generally stems from one of two causes. Conductive hearing loss occurs when problems in the middle ear prevent it from conducting sound to the inner ear. A conductive loss can be transient or permanent. The most common cause of hearing loss in children is Eustachian tube dysfunction, which may affect up to 30% of children during the winter months. This problem, which all people may experience in terms of hearing loss associated with a severe head cold, may lead on to more serious problems such as fluid in the middle ear or the more serious otitis media, in which a bacterial or viral agent infects the middle ear or the ear drum. Otitis media may result in perforations of the ear drum as well. The level of hearing loss associated with this condition is approximately 40dB. More chronic types of otitis media can result in permanent scarring of the ear drum. Such scarring reduces the ability of the ear drum to respond to sound and hence the sound is not conducted well through the ossicular chain to the inner ear. Other forms of conductive loss can result from damage to the ossicular chain, which in some cases can ossify (harden into bone). Sensorineural hearing loss, the second type of deafness, results from damage within or malformation of the cochlea itself, where the hairs cells are either damaged or destroyed. Injury to the hair cells can result from excessive noise exposures, chemical damage such as smoking (Nomura et al, 2004), environmental agents (Rybak, 1992) or medications (Buszman, 2003), and long term wear and tear from the ageing process, which is referred to as presbycusis. Hearing loss can also result from damage to the auditory or eighth nerve that runs from the cochlear to the brain – hence the term sensorineural. Sensorineural hearing loss is permanent by nature. The impact of hearing loss in a person’s life depends on the intersection of three key factors – the time a person acquires their hearing loss, the severity of the hearing loss, and the communication demands facing the person at their particular point of the life span. Hearing loss has a very specific impact on children, for example, who, while representing a very small proportion of the population of people with hearing loss, require significant support in developing language and accessing education and employment. 11 Survey Comments I am firmly convinced that teens do not even guess how they risk their health. Considering recent research suggesting that today's teenagers have worse hearing than those of generations past – mostly due to exposure to loud music. I decided to check myself and, to be honest, my younger sister made me do it. She often listens to music in the car while travelling and has stopped communicating with me. I told myself to prove her that PLDs are not safe. In order not to rely on dry facts, I decided to carry out a survey among students in our school. My classmates helped me in my survey. 370 adolescents-volunteers (12–18 years of age) in 17 classes in our secondary schools were invited to complete questionnaires about their music-listening behaviors. The majority uses earphones as you can see in the bar graph 1 (see appendixes p.17). And the teens aged 13-14, listen to music the longest time. According to the bar graph the older young people become the less they listen to the music. (the bar graph 2 p.17) To everybody’s surprise all the opponents realize the harmful influence of the earphones but nobody is going to give up this bad habit. As the majority answers “NO” to the question if they can avoid using the PLDs. (the bar graphs 3 and 4 p.18) To sum up, I want to say that, unfortunately, research conducted in our school indicates that young people disregard all warnings and willingly endanger their hearing. But the practical goal of our work is to suggest a healthy scheme for adolescents based on the concept of explanation of music listening behaviour and preventing hearing loss in teens. For instance, we have created “The educational and warning video” and have presented it at the theme lectures to students of 7th forms. We have already started Set of talks for primary school students. One more thing, we have made leaflets PLDs using Rules for teens and have given away in school. We stronly believe to continue our work in these directions. 12 How to prevent yourselves from hearing loss There are some rules: 1. Avoid Excessive Noise How loud is too loud? If you have to shout over surrounding noise, it's loud enough to damage your hearing. For example, the sounds from motorcycles, music players, and power tools like saws and drills are all loud enough to hurt your hearing over time. 2. Be a Quiet Enforcer Turn down the ambient noise level in your life by buying appliances and devices that have low noise ratings. If ambient noise is too loud in a health club, movie theater, restaurant, or any other place you go often, ask the manager to turn it down. 3. Limit Exposure to Loud Sounds Sometimes you can't avoid loud sounds. At those times, it's best to limit the amount of time you're exposed to them. Noise-induced hearing loss is a result of the loudness of sounds in addition to the duration of exposure. 4. Wear Hearing Protection Wear ear protection if you know you're going to be exposed to loud sounds for more than a few minutes. 5. Don't Smoke Exposure to tobacco smoke has been linked to increased risk of hearing loss. Research has shown that smoking, age, and noise exposure can collectively increase a person's risk for hearing loss. If you smoke, preserving your hearing is one more good reason to quit. If you don't smoke, avoid breathing secondhand smoke. 6. Remove Earwax Properly Waxy buildup in your ears can muffle sound. But don't use a cotton swab to clean them out. Cotton swabs can push wax even deeper into your ear canal. Instead, use an at-home irrigation kit to soften wax and gently wash it out of your ear. If wax has become compacted in your ear, your doctor may need to remove it. 7. Check Medications for Hearing Risks Some 200 medications are potentially ototoxic, or damaging to hearing. These include some antibiotics and certain cancer-fighting drugs, among others. Even 13 high doses of aspirin can harm your ears. If you take a prescription medication, check with your doctor to make sure it doesn't pose a threat to your hearing. If you must take a medication that may be ototoxic, make sure your doctor monitors your hearing and balance before and during your treatment. 8. Have Your Hearing Tested If you have some hearing loss, you can prevent further damage by avoiding exposure to loud noises. If your hearing loss is severe enough, you may benefit from a hearing aid or other treatment. Be sure to see your doctor if you experience sudden unexplained change in your hearing. Sudden hearing loss can be a symptom of other serious medical problems. What Parents Can Do Here is what you can do about this problem. ► Educate your child (and yourself) about hearing loss. ► Encourage young music lovers to visit websites where they’ll find «Wish-Ihad-known stories»by famous musicians who lost their hearing. ► Become familiar with the decibel levels that cause damage. Even adults may not recognize dangerously loud sounds, especially if they already have hearing loss. To find out which sounds are actually harmful, check out the interactive chart available from the National Institutes of Deafness. ► Replace bud earphones with the kind that cover the ear and have a cushion. They may not be as stylish but they are less likely to cause damage. Also, control exposure by setting limits on how long your child is allowed to use headphones each day. ► Mark the level of acceptable sound on the volume control with permanent marker. Kids often don’t realize that sound is too loud. ► Have your child use earplugs. When kids are going to be exposed to loud sounds, perhaps because they are attending a rock concert, seeing a loud movie or even cutting the grass, have them wear ear plugs. Although you can find earplugs at drugstores, sporting good stores and music stores, it’s also worth checking out the huge assortment of specialized earplugs. When you buy headphones for young musicians, for example, choose brands of PLDs that reduce harmful sound without distortion. 14 Conclusion However, research conducted in our school indicates that young people disregard all warnings and willingly endanger their hearing. But the practical goal of our work is to suggest a healthy scheme for adolescents based on the concept of explanation of music listening behaviour and preventing hearing loss in teens. Teenagers run the risk of serious long-term hearing problems caused by excessively loud music or other loud noises. But parents are not aware of the risks and seldom talk to their kids about it, according to the medical studies. In conclusion, I want to say that it is the right time to take measures NOW to prevent from hearing loss. Yet there is no generation who could prove any results of using PLDs. If we do not control the situation, the consequences can be unpredictable. 15 Appendixes Glossary - Biological terms 1. A tympanum - среднее ухо (представляет собой звукопроводящую систему, включающую в себя несколько компонентов) 2. A pinna - ушная раковина (внешняя часть уха) 3. An eustachian tube - евстахиева труба (канал, сообщающий полость среднего уха с глоткой) 4. An eardrum - барабанная перепонка 5. A tympanic cavity - барабанная полость (полость среднего уха у наземных позвоночных животных и у человека) 6. Auditory ossicles - слуховые косточки (включают молоточек (hammer), наковальню (anvil) и стремя (stirrup)) Survey 1. What kind of headphones do you use? 2. How often do you listen to music in headphones? 3. How much time a day do you use your headphones? 4. Do you know that the maximum volume of your headphones to 100-200 decibels hurts your ears and causes hearing loss? 5. Do you know that loud music causes more harm than good? 6. Can you avoid using headphones? 7. What music do you like? 16 Bar graph 1. 1What kind of PLDs do the teens use? 79% 80% 68% 70% 57% 60% 50% 43% 40% 7-8th 9th 30% 10th 30% 20% 20% 10% 0% 2% 1% 0% headphones earplugs earphones Bar Graph 2. 2 How many hours do the teens listen via the PLDs? 57%56% 60% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 28% 7-8th 30% 9th 19% 20% 10% 14% 6% 0 3% 0 0% 9 hours 5-6 hours 2-3 hours 17 1 hour 10th Bar graph 3. 5 Do the teens know that loud music causes more harm than good? 100% 90% 80% 70% 7-8th 60% 9th 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10th 10th 9th 7-8th YES Bar graph 4. 6 Can the teens avoid using PLDs? 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 7-8th 40.00% 9th 10th 30.00% 10th 20.00% 9th 10.00% 7-8th 0.00% NO 18 Bibliography 1. Базаров В Г Лисовский В А , Мороз В С., Токарев О П. Основы аудиологии и слухопротезирования М Медицина - 1984 г.- с. 576 2. Бодрин А.В., Григорьева О.М., Калюжный М.В., Стрельников И.Н., Филатова Н.Н. 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