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Nervous System
Medical Terminology
Key Word Parts
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Ambul/o
walk
Cephal/o
head
Concuss/o
shaken together, violently agitated
Contus/o
bruise
Ech/o
sound
Encephal/o
brain
-esthesia
sensation, feeling
Klept/o
to steal
Key Word Parts
• Mening/o
membranes, meninges
• Myel/o
spinal cord
• Narc/o
numbness, stupor
• Neur/i, neuro/o
nerve, nerve tissue
• -phobia
abnormal fear
• Psych/o
mind
• Somn/o
sleep
Anatomy and Physiology
The major structures of the nervous system are the brain,
spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. This is divided
into three parts.
• CNS-the central nervous system includes the brain and
spinal cord.
• PNS-the peripheral nervous system includes the 12
pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and
the 31 pairs of spinal nerves from the spinal cord.
• ANS-the autonomic nervous system includes the
peripheral nerves and ganglia on either side of the
spinal cord.
A&P
• Nerve – bundle of neuron cells that connect the brain and the
spinal cord with other parts of the body.
• Receptors- are sites in the sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose,
and taste buds)
• Stimulus-is anything that excites or activates a nerve and causes an
impulse.
• Impulse-is a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers
and neurons.
• Reflex-is an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either
inside or outside the body.
 maintenance of the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
are reflex actions.
 Coughing, sneezing, and reactions to painful stimuli are also reflex
actions.
A&P Neuron
– is the basic cell of the nervous system. The three types
of neurons are described according to their function.
• ACE (Afferent, Connecting, and Efferent)
• Afferent – sensory neurons, emerge from the skin or
sense organs and carry impulses to the brain and spinal
cord.
• Connecting- associative neurons, carry impulses from
one neuron to another.
• Efferent- motor neurons, carry impulses away from the
brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and
glands.
A&P
Neuron – consists of a cell body, several dendrites, and a single axon, and
terminal end fibers. Synapse is the space between two neurons or
between a neuron and a receptor organ.
A&P Neurotransmitters
A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that
transmits messages between nerve cells, thus,
making it possible for the nerve impulse to jump
across the synapse from one neuron to another.
• Acetylcholine – influences muscle action
• Dopamine- thought to cause some forms of
psychosis and abnormal movement disorders.
• Endorphins- inhibits the conduction of pain
impulses and acts as natural pain relievers.
• Serotonin- has roles in sleep and pleasure
recognition.
A&P Central Nervous System
• The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord,
protected by the bones of the cranium and spinal
column. Within these bony structures the brain
and spinal cord are protected by the meninges
and cerebrospinal fluid.
• Meninges are three layers of connective tissue
membrane that enclose the brain and spinal cord,
the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia
mater.
Brain Parts and what they Control
• Look at page 179 in “Intro to Medical
Terminology” Book.
A&P Peripheral Nervous System
• (PNS) consists of the cranial nerves.
• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves
A&P Autonomic Nervous System
• (ANS) controls the involuntary actions of the
body. Divided into two parts
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Parasympathetic nervous system
Medical Specialties
• Anesthesiologist
physician that specializes in administering anesthetics before and during surgery.
• Anesthetist
someone who administers anesthetics that is not a physician (nurse anesthetist)
• Neurologist
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous
system.
• Neurosurgeon
a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system.
• Psychiatrist
holds a medical doctor degree (MD) and specializes in diagnosing and treating
chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness.
• Psychologist
holds an advanced degree, other than a medical degree, and specializes in
evaluating and treating emotional problems.
Pathology
• Migraine headache
a syndrome characterized by sudden, severe, sharp headache usually
present on only one side.
• Encephalocele
also known as a craniocele, a congenital gap in the skull with herniation of
brain substance.
• Hydrocephalus
an abnormally increased amount of CFS within the brain.
• Meningocele
the protrusion of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord through a
defect in the skull or spinal column.
• Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord.
Disorders of the Brain
• Alzheimer’s disease
group of disorders associated with degenerative changes in the brain structure
that lead to characteristic symptoms including progressive memory loss, impaired
cognition, and personality changes.
• Cognition
describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
• Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain.
• Parkinson’s disease
chronic, slowly progressive, degenerative CNS disorder. Characterized by fine
muscle tremors, as masklike facial expression, and a shuffling gait.
• Tetanus
also known as “lockjaw”, is an acute and potentially fatal bacterial infection of the
CNS caused by the tetanus bacillus. (Tetanus shot)
Brain Injuries
• Amnesia
is a disturbance in the memory marked by a total or partial inability to
recall past experiences, maybe caused by brain injury, illness, or
psychological disturbance.
• Concussion
violent shaking up or jarring of the brain.
• Cerebral contusion
is the bruising of brain tissue as a result of a head injury.
• Cranial hematoma
is a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain. Named for the
location.
Subdural hematoma
Epidural hematoma
Intracerebral hematoma
Levels of Consciousness
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Conscious
also known as alert, means being awake, aware, and responding appropriately.
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Syncope
fainting, a brief loss of consciousness caused by a brief lack of oxygen in the brain.
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Lethargy
a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy. (indifference)
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Stupor
a state of impaired consciousness marked by a lack of responsiveness to environmental stimuli.
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Coma
a profound deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements,
no response to painful stimuli, and no vocalization
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Delirium
a potentially reversible condition often associated with a high fever that comes on suddenly.
(confused, disoriented, and unable to think clearly)
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Dementia
is a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, judgment, and the
ability to pay attention.
Brain Tumor
• Is an abnormal growth within the brain that
may be either benign (not life threatening), or
malignant. (life threatening).
• ANY abnormal growth in the brain can cause
damage in two ways
 it can destroy brain tissue, or it can cause
damage by pressure on the brain.
Stroke
• CVA
cerebrovascular accident, damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to
the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel supplying it either is blocked or has
ruptured.
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain.
• Ischemic stroke
the flow of blood in the brain is blocked, maybe caused by a narrowing of the
carotid artery or by a cerebral thrombosis.
• Cerebral thrombosis
a thrombus (clot) blocks the artery and disrupts the blood flow to the cerebrum
and damages the controls of movement, language, and senses.
• Aphasia
the loss of the ability to speak, write, or comprehend the written or spoken word.
stroke
• Hemorrhagic stroke
also known as a bleed, a blood vessel in the
brain leaks or ruptures. This is less common
than ischemic strokes, but is more deadly. It
affects the area of the brain damaged by the
leaking blood.
Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia
prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep, usually a symptom of
another problem such as depression, pain, or excessive caffeine.
• Narcolepsy
a syndrome characterized by recurrent uncontrollable seizures of
drowsiness and sleep.
• Somnambulism
also known as noctambulism or sleep walking. (walking without
waking)
• Somnolence
condition of unnatural sleepiness or semi consciousness
approaching coma.
Spinal Cord
• Myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord.
• Myelosis
tumor of the spinal cord.
• Multiple sclerosis
progressive autoimmune disorder.
• Poliomyelitis
known as polio, viral infection of the gray matter of spinal cord.
• Postpolio syndrome
recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had
poliomyelitis and recovered from it.
• Radiculitis
also known as a pinched nerve. Inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve.
Nerves
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Lou Gehrig’s disease, degenerative disease of the motor neurons in which patients become
progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed.
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Bell’s palsy
paralysis of the facial nerve that causes drooping only on the affected side of the face
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Guillain-barre syndrome
characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis.
Autoimmune disease.
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Peripheral neuropathy
painful condition of the nerves of the hands and feet due to peripheral nerve damage that may be
caused by disease such as diabetes, alcoholism, etc.
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Tic Douloureaux
inflammation of the trigeminal nerve, characterized by sudden, intense, sharp pain on one side of
the face.
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Sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain along the course of the nerve through the
thigh and leg.
Abnormal Sensations
• Causalgia
intense burning pain after an injury to a sensory
nerve.
• Hyperesthesia
means a condition of excessive sensitivity to
stimuli.
• Paresthesia
an abnormal sensation, such as burning, tingling,
or numbness, for no apparent reason.
Cerebral Palsy
• A condition characterized by poor muscle
control, spasticity, and other neurologic
deficiencies caused by an injury to the part of
the brain that controls muscle movements.
(occurs most often to premature infants)
Convulsions and Seizures
• Generalized tonic-clonic seizure
• Tonic convulsion
• Clonic convulsion
• Partial seizure
Epilepsy
• Grand mal epilepsy
• Petit mal epilepsy
• Epileptic aura
Developmental Disorders
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Mental Retardation
Autistic disorder
Attention deficit disorder
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
dyslexia
Substance-Related Disorders
• Addiction
• Alcoholism
• Delirium tremens
Schizophrenia and Other
Psychotic Disorders
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Psychotic disorder
Schizophrenia
Delusion
Hallucination
Catatonic behavior
Mood Disorders
• Manic episode
• Major depressive episode
• Bipolar disorder
Panic disorders
• Panic disorders
• Panic attack
Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety state
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Posttraumatic stress disorder
Phobias
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Phobia
Acrophobia
Agoraphobia
Claustrophobia
Somatoform disorders
• Somatoform
• Conversion disorder
• Hypochondriasis
Impulse Control Disorders
• Kleptomania
• Pyromania
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder
Other Conditions
• Malingering
• Munchausen syndrome
• Munchausen syndrome by Proxy
Diagnostic Procedures
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CT scan
MRI
Echoencephalography
Electroencephalography
Encephalography
Myelography
Level of Consciousness (LOC)
Medications to Treat Mental Disorders
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Tranquilizers
Antidepressant
Antipsychotic
Psychotropic drugs
Pain control
• Transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation
(TENS)
• Analgesic
• Nonnarcotic analgesics
• Narcotic analgesics
Sedative and Hypnotic Medications
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Sedative
Hypnotic
Barbiturate
Amobarbital
Phenobarbital
anticonvulsant
Anesthesia
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Anesthesia
Anesthetic
Topical anesthesia
Local anesthesia
Regional anesthesia
Epidural anesthesia
Spinal anesthesia
General anesthesia
Brain and Head
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Electroshock therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy
Lobectomy
Thalamotomy
Nerves
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Neurectomy
Neuroplasty
Neurorrhaphy
Neurotomy